STATISTICS

(Introduction,
Measures of Central
Tendency, and
Measures of
Positions)
STATISTICS
Statistics is the science of
collection, organization, analysis,
and interpretation of data.
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
Population refers to the totality of
objects, individuals, or reactions that can
be described as having a unique
combination of qualities. It can be
infinite or finite.
Sample refers to a portion, piece,
or segment that is representative of the
population.
DATA COLLECTION
Different methods of gathering data:
- Direct or Interview
- Observation
- Experimentation
- Indirect or Questionnaire
- Registration or Census
DATA PRESENTATION
Different forms of presenting data:
- Textual Form
- Tabular Form
- Graphical Form (bar graph or histogram, line graph,
circle graph or pie chart, pictograph)
 HISTOGRA
M

BAR
GRAPH
 LINE
GRAPH

PICTOGRAP
H
CIRCLE
GRAPH
SAMPLING METHOD/
TECHNIQUES
Getting facts from a small but representative
cross-section of the population.
- Simple Random Sampling
- Systematic Random Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Cluster Random Sampling
UNGROUPED VS. GROUPED DATA
Ungrouped Data- raw data, meaning they have just been
collected but not sorted into any group or classes.
Grouped Data - data that have been organized into groups
from the raw data, so that a frequency distribution of those
groups serves as a convenient means of summarizing or
analyzing the data.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLE
A frequency distribution table is a systematic
way of presenting data using a table. The data are
grouped into different intervals or numbers of
classes assigned by the researcher. Usually, the
ideal number of classes is from 5 to 20 only.
Lower class limit – the smallest data value that can be included in the
class
Upper-class limit - the largest data value that can be included in the
class
Class boundaries – are used to separate the classes so that there are no
gaps in the frequency distribution
Class marks – the midpoints of the classes
CM =
Class size/ width – the difference between two consecutive lower-class
limits
EXAMPLE:
1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 6 8
8 8 9 9 10 10 10 12 12 14 15 15
15 16 18 20 20 20 21 23 24 25 25
25 31 31 40
 N = 40
Range = highest value – lowest value
R = 40 – 1 = 39
K = 1 + 3.322 log N

K = 1 + 3.322 log 40 = 6.32 or 6

C=
C = = 6.50 or 7
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
The inclination of scores to
gather around a certain point
of score
The spread of data
Mean – (Arithmetic mean) is the average of a set of data.
Median – The median of a data set illustrates the middle value
when the set is ordered in ascending or descending. The
median is an average of two middle values if a data set contains
an even number of values.
Mode – is the measure or value which occurs most frequently
(repeated) in a set of data. It is the value with the greatest
frequency.
UNGROUPED DATA
Mean

Median
, when n is odd

Mode
 Array:
2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4
EXAMPLE: 4 4 5 5 6 7 7

3 3 4 2 5 3 4 5 6 7 7 2
3 4 3
Mean = 4.07
Median = 4
Mode = 3 (unimodal)
GROUPED DATA
Mean

Median

Mode
MEAN
 MEDIAN

Median class is in 22 – 24 class.

 MODE

Modal class is in 22 – 24 class.

MEASURES OF
POSITION
A measure of position or
location determines the position of a
single value in relation to other values in
a sample or a population data set.
QUANTILES
Measures of positions that
divide a distribution into four,
ten, and hundred equal parts.
 Q1 Q2 Q3
P25 P50 P75

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9
 The quartiles are the score points that divide a
distribution into four equal parts.
Q1 is called the lower quartile and Q 3 is the
upper quartile. Q 2 is nothing but the median.
The difference between Q 3 and Q 1 is the
interquartile range.
 The deciles are the score points that divide a
distribution into ten equal parts. They are denoted
as D 1, D 2, D 3, … D 9.
The percentiles are the ninety-nine score points
that divide a distribution into one hundred equal
parts so that each part represents the data set. They
are denoted as P 1, P2, P3, … P 99 .
UNGROUPED DATA
Quartile
Q k = th value;

Decile
D k = th value;

Percentile
P k = th value;
EXAMPLE:
Determine the Q 1, D 5 and P 90.
8, 12, 14, 15, 19, 21, 24, 38
Q k = th value

Q 1= th

Q1=

Q 1 = 14
 LINEAR
EXAMPLE: INTERPOLATIO
N
Determine the Q 1, D 5 and P 90.
8, 12, 14, 15, 19, 21, 24, 38
2.25
Qk= th value 2nd and 3rd data
Q1= th 1. Subtract  14 – 12 = 2
Q1= 2. Multiply by the decimal part 
2(0.25) = 0.5
3. Add to the smaller number 
12 + 0.5 = 12.5
EXAMPLE:
Determine the Q 1, D 5 and P 90.
8, 12, 14, 15, 19, 21, 24, 38
D k = th value

D 5= th

D5=

D 5 = 19
EXAMPLE:
Determine the Q 1, D 5 and P 90.
8, 12, 14, 15, 19, 21, 24, 38
P k = th value

P 90= th

P 90 = 8.1

P 90 = 38
GROUPED DATA
Quartile

Decile

Percentile
EXAMPLE:
Determine Q 3 , D 2 and P 95 .
 Quartile

is in 30 – 34 class.
EXAMPLE:
Determine Q 3 , D 2 and P 95 .
 Decile

is in 20 – 24 class.
EXAMPLE:
Determine Q 3 , D 2 and P 95 .
 Percentile

is in 40 – 44 class.
TRY THIS!
Determine the following given the problem:
a. Mean d. Q 1

b. Median e. D 7

c. Mode f. P 83

Jadem timed 21 people in the Tagaytay Fun Run 2022, to

the nearest second:
59, 65, 61, 53, 55, 60, 70, 64, 56, 58, 58, 62, 62, 68, 59, 65, 56, 59,
68, 61, 67
 Determine the following given the
FDT:
a.Mean d. Q1
b.Median e. D7
c. Mode f. P83
THANK
YOU!