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Mixed Methods Design
Mixed Methods Design
Olivarez
OlivarezCollege
CollegeofofTagaytay
Tagaytay
1
Topics
Introductions
Positioning myself
A definition of mixed methods research
Steps in the process of designing a mixed methods
study
2
Positioning myself
Mixed Methods
Method
Methodology
Paradigm
Perspective Use of mixed methods
in other designs
6
A mixed methods researcher…
8
Collecting both quantitative and
qualitative data
Quantitative data Qualitative data
Interviews
Instruments
Observations
Checklists
Documents
Records Audio-visual materials
9
Quantitative and qualitative data
analysis
10
Mixing or linking the data
Converge data:
Connect data:
Preliminary considerations
Creating a title
Posing a general question
Listing the types of data collection and analysis
Making explicit your worldview
Identifying your research design
Drawing a figure of your design
Writing a purpose statement
Writing research questions
Completing a research plan
• Research problem
• Content – any topics
• Fit the problem to mixed methods (arguments)
•Receptive audience
15
Create a working title
16
Pose the general question to be answered
Write it as a question
Look to see how it is phrased
Make sure that it is specific enough and focused (an
answerable question)
Ask yourself, “when I end the study, what question
would like to have answered?”
17
List your types of data collection (a
review)
Quantitative data Qualitative data (open-
(closed-ended) ended)
Interviews
Instruments
Observations
Behavioral Documents
checklists Audio-visual materials
Records
18
Activity – List your sources of data
19
List your approach to data analysis (a
review)
20
Determine your worldview…
Postpositivism Constructivism
Determination Understanding
Reductionism Multiple participant meanings
Empirical observation and Social and historical
measurement construction
Theory verification Theory generation
Advocacy/Participatory Pragmatism
Political Consequences of actions
Empowerment issue-oriented Problem-centered
Collaborative Pluralistic
Change-oriented Real-world practice oriented
21
Several stances on philosophy in mixed
methods…
What it is
How it informs your study
22
Make explicit your interpretive lens (theory)
Components:
What is it
Who has used it in your field
How it will shape your study (rephrase your guiding
research question, if a lens applies)
23
State your procedures (methods)
24
Parsimonious designs (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007)
Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs
Triangulation Design
QUAN
QUAN QUAL
QUAL
Data
Data&& Data
Data&&
Interpretation
Results
Results
Interpretation Results
Results
Embedded Design
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Sequential designs
Explanatory Design
QUAN
QUAN qual
qual
Data
Data&& Data
Data&&
Interpretation
Results
Results Following up
Results
Results Interpretation
Exploratory Design
QUAL
QUAL quan
quan
Data
Data&& Data
Data&& Interpretation
Results
Results Building to
Results
Results Interpretation
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Design options
27
Explanatory sequential design
Quantitative Case Selection Qualitative Interpretation –
Quantitative
Data Collection Data Analysis Data Analysis based on quan
(quan) (QUAL) ad QUAL results
+
Qualitative
Data Collection
Quantitative Results
Determine how groups differ
using ANOVA test
Experiment
Intervention
QUAN QUAN
Data collection Data collection
Pre-test Post-test
Process – collection
and analysis of qualitative
data
(before, during, after trial)
31
Mixing the quan and qual data
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Write a purpose statement for a
triangulation design
This
Thismixed
mixedmethods
methodsstudy studywill
willaddress
address_________________
_________________(overall
(overall
content-aim
content-aim of the study). A triangulation mixed methodsdesign
of the study). A triangulation mixed methods designwill
will
be used, and it is a type of design in which different
be used, and it is a type of design in which different but but
complementary
complementarydata datawill
willbebecollected
collectedon onthe
thesame
sametopic.
topic.In
Inthis
thisstudy,
study,
_________________
_________________ (quantitative instruments) will be used to testthe
(quantitative instruments) will be used to test the
theory of _____________ (the theory) that predicts
theory of _____________ (the theory) that predicts that that
__________________
__________________(independent
(independentvariables)
variables)willwillinfluence
influence
________________
________________ (positively, negatively) the __________(dependent
(positively, negatively) the __________ (dependent
variables
variablesororoutcomes)
outcomes)for for____________
____________(participants)
(participants)atat__________
__________
(the research site). Concurrent with this data collection,
(the research site). Concurrent with this data collection, qualitative qualitative
_______________
_______________(type (typeofofqualitative
qualitativedata,
data,such
suchas asinterviews)
interviews)will
will
explore ____________ (the central phenomenon) for _________________
explore ____________ (the central phenomenon) for _________________
(participants)
(participants)atat_____________(site).
_____________(site).The Thereason
reasonforforcollecting
collectingboth
both
quantitative
quantitativeandandqualitative
qualitativedata dataare
aretotobring
bringtogether
togetherthethestrengths
strengthsofof
both
bothforms
formsofofresearch
researchto to___________________
___________________(e.g., (e.g.,compare
compareresults,
results,
validate results, corroborate results).
validate results, corroborate results).
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Write a purpose statement for
a embedded design
This mixed methods study will address _________________ (overall
content aim of the study). An embedded mixed method design will be
used, and it is a design in which one data set provides a supportive,
secondary role in a study based primarily on the other data set. The
primary purpose of this study will use ________________ (quantitative
instruments) to test the theory of _____________ (the theory) that
predicts that __________________ (independent variables) will
influence ________________ (positively, negatively) the __________
(dependent variables or outcomes) for ____________ (participants) at
__________ (the research site). A secondary purpose will be to gather
qualitative data _______________ (type of qualitative data, such as
interviews) that will explore ____________ (the central phenomenon)
for _________________ (participants) at _____________(site). The reason
for collecting the secondary database is ________________ (e.g., to
address different question, to provide support for the primary
purpose).
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Write a purpose statement for
an explanatory design
This study will address _______________ (content-aim of the study). An
explanatory mixed methods design will be used, and it will involve
collecting qualitative data after a quantitative phase in order to
explain or follow up on the quantitative data in more depth. In the
first quantitative phase of the study, ______________ instrument data
to be collected from _______________ (participants) at ___________
(research site) to test _______ (the theory) that explains why
______________ independent variables) relate to the ____________
(dependent variables). The second qualitative phase will be
conducted because ______________ (intent of the qualitative phase). In
this exploratory follow-up, the ______________ (central phenomenon)
will be tentatively explored with ___________ (participants) at
_____________ (the research site). The reason for the exploratory
follow-up is to _______________ (e.g., to help explain or build upon
initial quantitative results).
36
Write a purpose statement for
an exploratory design
This study addresses _________________ (content-area of the study). The
purpose of this exploratory sequential design will be to __________________
(e.g., develop an test an instrument, generate a taxonomy). The first phase
of the study will be a qualitative exploration of ________________ (the
central phenomenon) by collecting ___________________ (types of data)
from _________________ (participants) at _____________ (the research site).
The second quantitative phase will follow up on the qualitative phase for
the purpose of __________(intent of this followup). In the quantitative
phase, ___________ (instrument data) will be collected from ____________
(participants) at ______________ (research site). Quantitative research
questions/hypotheses will be formulated after the completion of the initial
qualitative phase. The reason for collecting qualitative data initially is that
_____________________ (e.g., instruments are not available, variables are
not known, there is little guiding theory).
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Qualitative research questions
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Quantitative research questions
39
Writing research questions/hypotheses in
mixed methods research
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A new type of research question: A mixed
methods question
Three ways to write this question:
Methodologically-focused:
Content-focused:
Title
Introduction
(Problem)
Worldview/theoretical lens
Audience
Purpose Statement
Research Questions
(Literature Review)
Methods
Type of Mixed Methods Design (also add definition of mixed methods)
Types of Data Collection
Types of Data Analysis
Sequence/Emphasis/ Mixing Procedures
Figure of procedures
Anticipated methodological issues
Ethical issues anticipated
Validity issues
Researcher resources and skills
References, Appendices
42
Additional resources
Books:
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and
conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research design: Qualitative,
quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Greene, J. C. (2007). Mixed methods in social inquiry. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mertens, D. M. (2005). Research methods in education and
psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative and qualitative
approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Plano Clark, V. L., & Creswell, J. W. (2008). The mixed methods
reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology:
Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (Eds.) (2003). Handbook of mixed
methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
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Additional resources
Articles and Chapters:
Caracelli, V. J., & Greene, J. C. (1993). Data analysis strategies for mixed-
method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15 (2),
195-207.
Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M., & Hanson, W. (2003).
Advanced mixed methods research designs. In: A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie
(Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 209-
240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., & Garrett, A. L. (2008). Methodological
issues in conducting mixed methods research. In M.M. Bergman (Ed.),
Advances in mixed methods research. London: Sage.
Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual
framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and
Policy Analysis, 11 (3), 255-274.
Ivankova, N. V., Creswell, J. W., & Stick, S. (2006). Using mixed methods
sequential explanatory design: From theory to practice. Field Methods, 18(1),
3-20.
Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained. Journal of
Mixed Methods Research, 1, 48-76.
Morse, J. M. (1991). Approaches to qualitative-quantitative methodological
triangulation. Nursing Research, 40, 120-123.
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GLENN A. GUIRA, RN, PhD
President, G Squared Research and
Consultancy
Olivarez
OlivarezCollege
CollegeofofTagaytay
Tagaytay
45