TECHNIQ

UES IN
DATA
COLLEC
TION
 Descriptive Inferential
What are Statistics Statistics
the two It involves tabulating,
depicting, and It involves making
generalizations about
branches describing the collected
data. The data are the population through
a sample drawn from it.
of summarized to reveal
overall data patterns It also includes
hypothesis tasting and
statistics? and make them
manageable. sampling.
 WHAT IS STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF
DATA?

• It is used to properly test the hypothesis, answer the research questions, and
present the results of the study in a clear and understandable manner. You
can delete this slide when you’re done editing the presentation.

• What is statistics?
 A body of knowledge and techniques used in collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
 What are the levels of measurements of variables?

01 02
Nominal Data Ordinal Data

These are attributed that only name These are attributes of variables that
variables. These data are can be placed as one is higher
considered at the simplest level. than two. They can be used for
ranking purposes. They are
Example: Naming the data for mostly used in Likert Scaling.
statistical purposes
Male – 1 Female – 2 Example: 1 – Very Good
2 – Good
3 – Fair
4 – Poor
 What are the levels of measurements of variables?

03 04
Interval Data Ratio Data

These are attributes of variables where These are attributes of variables that
the distance from one number to the has a natural zero.
other has a meaning.
Example: absence of money in the
Example: the difference in the pocket
temperature between 10 AM and 12
PM
 What are the common statistical tools?

Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distribution. It is the record of the number of individuals or cases
located in each category on the scale of measurement.
Proportion. It is the total frequency divided by the number of cases in each
category. It can be derived from the frequency distribution.
Percentage. It is the proportion expressed in percentage (proportion x 100)
Measure of central tendencies. It indicates where the center of the distribution
tends to be located. It refers to the typical or average score in a distribution.
Mode. It refers to the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.
Median. It is the middle most value in a distribution below or above which is
exactly 50% of cases that are found.
 What are the common statistical tools?

Descriptive Statistics
Mean. It is the exact mathematical distribution. It is equal to the sum of all
scores divided by the number of cases.
Variability or Dispersion. It refers to the extent and manner in which the scores
in a distribution differ from each other.
Range. It is the difference between the highest value and the lowest value in the
given distribution.
Average deviation. It is the measure of variation that takes into consideration
the deviations of the individual scores from the mean.
Variance. It is the square of the standard deviation.
Standard Deviation. It is the square root of the quotient of the total squared
deviation of the mean and the total number of cases.
 What are the common statistical tools?

Inferential Statistics
Parametric Tests. These tests require a normal distribution. The level of
measurements must be either be interval and ratio.
T-Test. This test is used to compare two means: the means of two
independent samples or two independent groups or the means of two correlated
samples before and after treatment. It can be used for samples composed of at
least 30 elements.
Z-Test. It is used to compare two means: the sample mean and the
perceived population mean. It can be used when the sample has 30 or more
elements.
F-Test. Also known as the analysis of variance (ANOVA), it is used
when comparing the means of two or more independent groups.
Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation. It is an index
of relationship between two variables.
 Sample Statements of the Problem with a
Corresponding Tool
1. What is the demographic profile of the elementary pupils in terms of:
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Religion
Statistical Tool: Percentage
Justification: Data are nominal and are used to show the distribution of the parts of a
whole.

2. What is the level of effectiveness of information, education, and communication

in the awareness of students considering the following variables:
a. Media
b. Economic status
Statistical tool: Weighted Mean
Justification: The researcher is looking into the average of some elements with different
weights on the result than other elements in the set.
 Sample Statements of the Problem with a
Corresponding Tool

3. What is the level of performance of the engineering students in their licensure

examination?
Statistical Tool: Average Weighted Mean
Justification: The researcher is looking into the average of some elements with different
weights on the result than other elements in the set.

4. What is the significance relationship between the pre-test and posttest scores of
accounting students in their qualifying examinations?
Statistical Tool: Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation
Justification: There are two continuous variables in which data are interval. In this case,
the variables pre-test and posttest scores are related.
What is a research methodology?
A description of how exactly you conducted your research. This part is
critical because it allows other researchers to see exactly how you
conducted your research. The research methodology should allow
other researchers to reproduce your experiment if they want to
assess alternative methods that might produce differing results.
 How to write the
methodology?

1. Describe what you did and how you did it. The interested reader
should be able to repeat the study from the account provided.
2. Be concise, precise, and logical in your writing.
3. Use the past tense in writing the methods section.
4. Provide enough detail to enable the reader to make an informed
assessment of the methods used in obtaining the results in relation
with the research problem.
‘Insufficient detail leaves the reader with questions’
‘Too much detail burdens the reader with irrelevant information’
 How to write the
methodology?

5. Design
Describe the type of design used in the study

Example:
Since the study focuses in knowing the level of awareness of Grade 12 Humanities
and Social Sciences (HUMSS) students towards the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the
researchers used a quantitative descriptive research design. It emphasizes objective
measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data
collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys.
 How to write the
methodology?

6. Participants
• The total number of participants
• The major demographic characteristics of the participants (such as age
and sex)
• The way the participants were selected must be reported
Example:
This study used stratified sampling technique that involves the division of population
into smaller sub-groups that are formed based on members’ shared attributes or
characteristic. There were 316 respondents chosen. Through the Slovin’s formula and
stratified sampling technique, the respondents of the study were 25 students each from
sections Hercules, Hydra, Phoenix, Taurus and Tucana, while 26 students were from
sections Leo and Libra each.
 How to write the
methodology?

7. Procedure
It gives the reader a summary of each step in the execution
of the research.

Example:
The researchers requested a permission from the principal to conduct this study and
made a consent paper for the thesis adviser and the participants. Then, the researchers
distributed the survey questionnaires to the respondents. Afterwards, the researchers
tallied and analyzed the data that contains the response of the respondents.
 How to write the
methodology?

8. Statistical Treatment

It gives the reader the information on how the collected data will be
analyzed using specific numerical functions.
 Example:

How to write the

methodology?

Example:
The statistical treatments used were frequency distribution that determined the profile of the respondents. This was used
in summarizing categorical variable. Percentage was used to get the percentage of frequency distribution per category or
data set. Mean was used to determine the verbal interpretation of the respondents in each statement. For the purpose of
arriving at the definite result, mean score range was used:
Range Qualitative Description
3.26 – 4.00 Highly Aware
2.51 – 3.25 Aware
1.76 – 2.5 Slightly Aware
1.00 – 1.75 Not Aware
Thank you!