A Deep Learning Approach for Semantic

Analysis of COVID-19-Related Stigma on

Social Media
Abstract—
 The rapid spread of the pandemic of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has created an unprecedented, global health disaster. During the

outburst period, the paucity of knowledge and research aggravated devastating panic and fears that lead to social stigma and created serious

obstacles to contain the disastrous epidemic.

 We propose a deep learning based method to detect stigmatized contents on online social network (OSN) platforms in the early stage of COVID-

19. Our method performs a semantic-based quantitative analysis to unveil essential spatial-temporal characteristics of COVID-19 stigmatization

for timely alerts and risk mitigation.

 Empirical evaluations are carried out to examine our method’s predictive utilities.

 The visualization results of the co-occurrence network using Gephi indicate two distinct groups of stigmatized words that pertain to people in

Wuhan and their dietary behaviors, respectively.

 Netizens’ participations and stigmatizations in the Hubei region, where the COVID-19 broke out, are twice ( p < 0.05) and four ( p < 0.01) times

more frequent and intense than those in other parts of China, respectively.

 Also, the number of COVID-19 patients is correlated with COVID-19-related stigma significantly (correlation coefficient = 0.838, p < 0.01). The

responses to individual users’ posts have the power law distribution, while posts by official media appear to attract more responses (e.g., likes,
 EXISTING SYSTEM
 The existing works investigating COR stigma are devoted to the narrative review, qualitative analysis, and quantitative analysis.

 Article [7] proposes a narrative review for COR stigma with the discussions and solutions on both individuals and societies.

 The most crucial destigmatizing effort is the clarity of COR information and guidance.

 In [13], it is pointed out that misinformation is the key factor causing COR anxiety, fear, and stigma. A balanced view of the role of

public health disasters is given.

 Article [14] conducts narrative overviews on 4150 records, including systematic reviews, primary intervention studies, and additional

relevant materials to develop recommendations for strategies to reduce COR stigma.

 Recommendations for administrations on the COVID-19 response such as normalizing language and words and sharing accurate

information by mass media are proposed. Qualitative analysis is essential to study the experience and feelings of individuals.

 In [15], a cross-sectional study is designed to explore the experience of COR stigma among COVID-19 patients in Malaysia.

 The interviews include the experience of stigma, opinions toward pandemic disclosure, and recommendations for mitigating stigma.
 DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING
SYSTEM
1. Data Limitations and Bias: Deep learning models require substantial amounts of labeled data for training. If the training data is
biased or incomplete, the model's performance could suffer, and it might perpetuate existing biases present in the data.

2. Domain-specific Challenges: COVID-19-related language and stigma can be highly context-dependent and rapidly evolving, posing
challenges for generalization and accurate detection.

3. Interpretable Outputs: Deep learning models are often criticized for their lack of interpretability. It can be challenging to understand
why a model flagged a particular post as stigma, making it difficult to discern false positives/negatives or diagnose errors.

4. Model Complexity and Resource Intensiveness: Deep learning models, especially large transformers, are computationally intensive
and require significant computational resources for training and deployment. This might limit their accessibility, particularly for
smaller research groups or organizations with limited computing power.

5. Lack of Contextual Understanding: While deep learning models are adept at recognizing patterns, they might lack the deeper
contextual understanding that human analysts possess. This could lead to misinterpretations of subtle nuances in language or cultural
references related to stigma.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
 This study analyzes the social stigma on Weibo, a major OSN platform in China, in the early stage of the disastrous COVID-19 pandemic.

 We collected public exchanges and discussions regarding COVID-19 and developed a deep learning-based detection method to identify

stigmatized contents.

 The proposed method builds on a COR stigma definition framework; incorporates an advanced classifier to detect stigmatized posts; and includes

a multilevel analysis of stigmatized contents with contextualized language.

 Our research has advantages in several aspects.

 First, our method’s identification algorithm is scalable and can systematically analyze voluminous UGCs to determine COR stigma according to

its contextual characteristics.

 Second, the proposed method incorporates advanced deep learning to build an automatic COR stigma classification model for detecting social

stigma in large-scale data.

 Third, our method performs a comprehensive, detailed statistical analysis of COR stigma, without violating individual privacy and regulatory

controls.
PROPSED ARCHITECTURE
 Considering the abovementioned works, the definition framework of COR stigma is discussed and decided by three authors. Differentiating groups

based on characteristics related to COVID-19 is considered as stigma.

 For example, connecting Wuhan with the virus will cause stigma to the residents of Wuhan.

 Similarly, emphasizing susceptibility to COVID-19 based on factors such as age, gender, and race can lead to stigma. Imposing responsibility on

patients based on their behavior is also considered as stigma.

 For example, blaming patients for the origin of the virus based on eating habits or blaming patients for spreading the virus based on travel history

can cause stigma. In addition, using abusive language to insult patients or related people and inappropriate accusations and satire will fuel

stigmatizing attitudes.
 Finally, six types of COR stigma are identified, including
 1) regional stigmatization;
 2) virus origin stigmatization;
 3) claiming that patients spread the virus;
 4) using abusive language;
 5) other inappropriate accusations and satire; and 6) age/gender/racial stigma.
 Note that there is overlap between these six types. B. Deep Learning Classifier To determine the COR social stigma in social media based on the reams of data,
advanced natural language processing technology based on neural networks and the labeled dataset are utilized to build deep learning classifiers. Three prevalent
models are trained: TextCNN, BiLSTM, and BERT. Compared with the traditional machine learning methods based on feature engineering, deep learning methods can
better capture the context information of sentences and build the most advanced models for natural language processing tasks. TextCNN applies convolutional neural
network (CNN) to text classification tasks, where multiple kernels of different sizes are used to extract key information in sentences, so as to better capture local
correlations [23]. BiLSTM is the bidirectional expansion of the long short-term neural network (LSTM), which can better capture the context information of the
sentence [24]. BERT is a pre-training model. It applies the bidirectional code of the Transformer’s, which aims to pretrain deep bidirectional representations by jointly
adjusting the context in all layers. Therefore, the pre-trained BERT representation can be fine-tuned through an additional output layer, which is suitable for the
construction of state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks like text classification
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

1. Highly Automated Processing: Deep learning models can automatically process and analyze large volumes of textual data, making it possible

to efficiently identify and categorize instances of stigma in social media posts.

2. Complex Pattern Recognition: Deep learning models, particularly recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and transformers, are excellent at

recognizing complex patterns in text data, which is crucial for identifying subtle forms of stigma that might be missed by traditional methods.

3. Adaptability and Generalization: Deep learning models can be trained on diverse datasets, allowing them to generalize and recognize various

forms of stigma across different social media platforms, languages, and contexts.

4. Real-time Monitoring: Once trained, deep learning models can provide real-time monitoring of social media platforms, enabling swift detection

and response to emerging instances of stigma related to COVID-19.

5. Continuous Learning: Some deep learning models support continuous learning, allowing them to adapt to new forms of stigma and language as

they evolve over time.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 System : Pentium i3 Processor.

 Hard Disk : 500 GB.

 Monitor : 15’’ LED

 Input Devices : Keyboard, Mouse

 Ram : 4 GB
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Operating system : Windows 10.

 Coding Language : Python

 Web Framework : Flask

CONCLUSION
 This article establishes a COR stigma detection model based on deep learning and outlines the early prevalence of COR stigma on the Chinese

OSN platform from the contextual, temporal, spatial, and user levels.

 The advanced BERT model is well performed to detect stigma posts on the OSN platform.

 Overall, the stigma posts account for only about 1% of all COR contents. It can be observed that the generation and development of COR stigma

are affected by many factors, such as important public opinion events and the number of local COVID-19 patients.

 The semantic expression of COR stigma is different among different periods and user levels.

 In public health emergencies such as COVID-19, our research methods can benefit decision makers and public health professionals.

 The entire process from detection to analysis can be used to timely perceive the early negative sentiment trends such as social stigma on the OSN

platforms.

 Follow-up targeted interventions such as objective language guidance and hierarchical attention can be recommended.

 There are some limitations in this work. The research results are based on a Chinese platform with limited generalization.

 COR stigma is manually defined and annotated, which may introduce subjective factors.
 REFERENCES
 [1] S. Villa, E. Jaramillo, D. Mangioni, A. Bandera, A. Gori, and M. C. Raviglione, “Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic,” Clin. Microbiol.

Infection, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 1450–1452, Nov. 2020.

 [2] R. Kurzban and M. R. Leary, “Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion,” Psychol. Bull., vol. 127, no. 2, p. 187, 2001.

 [3] E. Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Simon and Schuster, 2009.

 [4] P. Corrigan, The Stigma Effect. New York, NY, USA: Columbia Univ. Press, 2019.

 [5] S. Bagcchi, “Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 20, no. 7, p. 782, Jul. 2020.

 [6] J. Li, W. Liang, B. Yuan, and G. Zeng, “Internalized stigmatization, social support, and individual mental health problems in the public health crisis,” Int.

J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 4507, Jun. 2020.

 [7] F. Saeed et al., “A narrative review of stigma related to infectious disease outbreaks: What can be learned in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic?”

Frontiers Psychiatry, vol. 11, Dec. 2020, Art. no. 565919, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565919.

 [8] WHO. Social Stigma Associated With COVID-19: A Guide to Preventing and Addressing Social Stigma. [Online]. Available:

https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/covid19-stigmaguide. pdf
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