Kekuasaan (Power)

oleh
Drs.Ganda Upaya MA

Departemen Sosiologi
Universitas Indonesia
Program MOOCs
Mengapa kita mempelajari kekuasaan?
• Because most of the major decisions that affect us on a long-range basis
will be made by others who are not subject to our direct influence.
• Dalam hubungan antara negara dengan masyarakat:
• Pendidikan: merdeka belajar, ujian negara, BOS, dll
• Kesehatan: vaksinasi, produk vaksin (Sinovac, Pfizer, dll), biaya PCR,
Puskesmas;
• Ekonomi/Perdagangan: harga premium, Kredit UMKM, impor beras/gula
• Perhubungan: pembangunan bandara, Pelabuhan Laut, jalan tol, KA;
• A small number of people in the society do have the power to decide these
and other vital issues that shape our lives
Apa yang dimaksud dengan kekuasaan?

• Power is defined as the capacity to achieve one’s objectives, even when those
objectives are in conflict with the interests of another actor (Faulks,1999: 1)
• Power resources may include tangible items such as money (banks, share)
property (plantation, hotels, companies), and material objects ( weapon,
natural resources/mining) or intangible such as expertise, information, prestige,
and authoritative position.
• Ada hierarki bagi pemilik kekuasaan
• The possession of power resources does not, in itself, imply the use of such
resources.
• Power is exercised through the application of resources to achieve one’s goals.
Tiga tipe kekuasaan (Max Weber)
• (1) Class---economy: high class, middle class, lower class

• (2) Status---honor and privileges: raja, bangsawan, pemuka agama (kyai,

uskup, dll), Pendidikan (professor, doktor, sarjana, pelajar)

• (3) Party---elite and members: ketua umum, sekjen, pimpinan daerah, cabang
• Mereka yang berada pada posisi puncak partai, kelas atas, status terhormat
disebut sevagai ELITE.
• The Power Elite: presiden, ketua parlemen, ketua parpol, para Menteri, para
pengusaha besar (pemilik pertambangan, perkebunan, media massa, bank),
Pimpinan TNI dan Polri, Jaksa Agung, pimpinan Mahkamah Agung, BIN dll).
Apa yg dimaksud dgn Kewenangan? (Authority)
• Authority is socially approved power or legitimate power.
• Certain persons are recognized to have legitimate rights to exercise power
to whom other people comply voluntarily.
• Why do people consent to be ruled?
• Three types of Authority (Max Weber):
• 1. Legal-rational authority: kedudukan dalam organisasi negara atau swasta
• 2. Traditional Authority: Raja, bangsawan, pemuka agama (Kyai, Dalai lama)
• 3. Charismatic Authority: karisma (adanya kekuatan atau kemampuan luar
biasa yg dimiliki oleh seseorang spt Sukarno, Nehru, Mao Che Tung,
Ayatullah Khomeini, Napoleon, Julius Caesar, Dalai Lama dll
Negara dan Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil

• The state is a set of tightly connected governmental institutions,

concerned with the administration of a geographically determined
population, the authority of which is recognized by other states
through international law.

• Civil society refers to the multitude of voluntary associations of

citizens such as businesses (KADIN, media organizations, religious
organizations (churches, NU dan Muhammadiyah), professional
bodies (PWI, IDI, ISI) , pressure groups (Walhi, LBH, AJI) and trade
unions (Organisasi buruh), mahasiswa (BEM UI/ITB/UNAIR)
Kesimpulan:

• We must therefore understand the society’s institutions of power ---

what they are, how they work, and who makes their vital decisions.

• One of the major objectives of political sociology, then, is to

determine not only who has power and how it is exercised but also in
whose interest power is applied.