STOICHIOMETRY

(CHEMISTRY 0620)

PREPARED BY
MR. DENNIS MENSAH
THE MOLE AND AVOGADRO’S
CONSTANT
• The mole, mol, is the unit of amount of substance
• A mole of a substance is the amount that contains the same
number of units as the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of
carbon-12.
• One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles, e.g. atoms, ions,
molecules; Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 10²³
QUESTIONS
1. How many moles of oxygen molecules are in 64 g of oxygen?
2. Calculate the mass of 0.5 moles of bromine atoms.
3. Calculate the mass of 0.5 moles of bromine molecules.

Workout these:
4. Find the mass of 3 moles of ethanol, C2H5OH.
5. How many moles of molecules are there in 54 grams of
water?
 CALCULATING MASSES FROM
EQUATIONS
1. Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water. What mass of
oxygen is needed for 1 g of hydrogen, and what mass of water
is obtained?
Answer

8g of oxygen is needed for 1 g of hydrogen

and 9 grams of water is obtained.
2.
WORKOUT
 GROUP WORK
1. Sodium chloride is made up of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions.
a. How many sodium ions are there in 58.5 g of sodium
chloride? (Ar: Na = 23; Cl = 35.5.)
b. What is the mass of 1 mole of chloride ions?

2. How many chlorine atoms are there in 3.55g of chlorine

molecule?

3. A 0.5 mol of neon contains how many particles?

 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING GASES
• 1 mole of every gas occupies the same volume, at the same
temperature and pressure (Avogadro’s Law).
• The volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas is called its molar volume.
• The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm³ at rtp (room temperature, 20ᵒC
and pressure, 1 atmosphere).

• Volume of gas at rtp = moles of gas x molar volume (24 dm³)

• Conversion: 1000 cm³ = 1 dm³ = 1 litre

QUESTIONS
• What volume does 0.25 moles of a gas occupy at rtp?

• What volume does 22 g of carbon dioxide occupy at rtp?

• What volume of hydrogen will react with 24 dm³ of oxygen

to form water?

• When sulfur burns in air it forms sulfur dioxide. What

volume of this gas is produced when 1 g of sulfur burns?
(Ar: S = 32, 0 = 16)
WORK
 CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute, in grams or moles,
that is dissolved in 1 dm³ of solution.
• Note the units of concentration: mol/dm³ (M) or g/dm³.

• Amount of solute (mol) = concentration (M) x volume of solution (dm³)

• Concentration (g/dm³) = mass of solute (g) / volume of solution (dm³)

QUESTIONS
GROUP WORK
• What mass of solute is needed to prepare a 1M
sodium hydroxide solution of volume 2000cm³?
WORK
•
QUESTION
What is the concentration in mol/dm³ and g/dm³ of:
a) a sodium carbonate solution containing 53 g of the salt
(Na₂CO₃) in 1 litre?

b) a copper(II) sulfate solution containing 62.5 g of the salt

(CuSO₄.5H₂O) in 1 litre?
CLASS WORK
CALCULATIONS FROM TITRATION
HOME WORK
EMPIRICAL FORMULAE AND
MOLECULAR FORMULAE
• The empirical formula shows the simplest (whole number) ratio
in which atoms combine.
• The molecular formula shows the actual numbers of atoms that
combine to form a molecule.
FINDING THE EMPIRICAL
FORMULAE
1. 32 grams of sulfur combine with 32 grams of oxygen to form an
oxide of sulfur. What is its empirical formula?
Answer
FINDING THE EMPIRICAL
FORMULAE
2. An experiment shows that compound Y is 80% carbon and 20%
hydrogen. What is its empirical formula and molecular formula?
3. Magnesium combines with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. In
an experiment, 2.4 g of magnesium combined with 1.6 g of oxygen
to form magnesium oxide. Find its empirical formulae.
Work
FINDING MOLECULAR FORMULAE

• Octane is a hydrocarbon – it contains only carbon and

hydrogen. It is 84.2% carbon and 15.8% hydrogen by mass. Its
Mr is 114. What is its molecular formula?
 PERCENTAGE YIELD
• The yield is the amount of product you obtain from a reaction.
It can be expressed as a percentage.

Question
• After burning 12g of carbon in excess oxygen, only 28g of
carbon dioxide was produced. Calculate the percentage yield.
 PERCENTAGE PURITY

Question
84g of sodium hydrogencarbonate was thermally decomposed
and 11.5dm³ of carbon dioxide was collected at room
temperature and pressure (rtp). Calculate the percentage purity.
 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION BY
MASS

Question
GROUP WORK
NEXT TOPIC

REDOX REACTIONS