DIGITAL COMMUNICATION GROUP

ACTIVITY
QUANTIZATION

GROUP MEMBERS

PRIYANKA M – 1DA20EC104

RACHANA M – 1DA20EC109

RANJITHA R S – 1DA20EC418

GUIDED BY
MALA SINNOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ECE DEPARTMENT
 INTRODUCTION
The approximate correction of the additive white noise model in quantized Kalman filter is investigated under
certain conditions. The probability density function of the error of quantized measurements is analyzed
theoretically and experimentally. The analysis is based on the probability theory and nonparametric density
estimation technique, respectively. The approximator of probability density function of quantized measurement
noise is given. The numerical results of nonparametric density estimation algorithm demonstrate that the
theoretical conclusion is reasonable. Based on the analysis of quantization noise, a novel algorithm for state
estimation with quantized measurements also is proposed. The algorithm is based on the least-squares estimator
and unscented transform. By least-squares estimator, the effective information is extracted from the quantized
measurements. Also, using the information to update the estimated state can give a better estimation under the
influence of quantization. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the proposed algorithm is compared with the
RMSE of the existing methods for a typical tracking scenario in wireless sensor networks systems. Simulations
provide a strong evidence that this tracking algorithm could indeed give us a more precise estimated result.
 ANALYSIS OF QUANTIZATION NOISE AND STATE
ESTIMATION

WITH QUANTIZED MEASUREMENTS

Quantization is the process of mapping continuous infinite values to a smaller set of discrete finite values.
In the context of simulation and embedded computing, it is about approximating real-world values with a
digital representation that introduces limits on the precision and range of a value.
 ANALYSIS OF QUANTIZATION NOISE

Quantization noise results when a continuous random variable is converted to a discrete one or when a discrete random variable is converted to
one with fewer levels. In images, quantization noise often occurs in the acquisition process. The image may be continuous initially, but to be
processed it must be converted to a digital representation.

As we shall see, quantization noise is usually modeled as uniform. Various researchers use uniform noise to model other impairments, e.g.,
dither signals. Uniform noise is the opposite of the heavy tailed noise discussed above. Its tails are very light (zero!).

The signal-to-noise ratio increases by 6 dB for each additional bit in the quantizer.

When the number of quantization levels is small, the quantization noise becomes signal dependent. In an image of the noise, signal features can
be discerned. Also, the noise is correlated on a pixel by pixel basis and not uniformly distributed.

The general appearance of an image with too few quantization levels may be described as “scalloped.” Fine graduations in intensities are lost.
There are large areas of constant color separated by clear boundaries. The effect is similar to transforming a smooth ramp into a set of discrete
steps.
 MEASUREMENT RECONSTRUCTION

First of all, in order to reconstruct the original measurement information,

we must find the most useful information from the quantized
measurements. We note that, when quantized measurements occur
hopping, the original measurement should be located at the median of the
two quantized measurements, see in Fig. These points can be regarded as
the original measurements, and then the measurements of other time
interval can be obtained by linear regress (LR) and forecasting. It should
be pointed out
that, after completing this paper. Zengheng and Fu designed a reset state
estimator by rejecting the external disturbance and using acceleration
signals,
whereas, in this paper, we adopt the LR and least-squares
(LS) method to obtain the original measurements.
 PROBABILITY DENSITY OF THE ERROR OF QUANTIZED MEASUREMENTS

Probability density of the error of quantized measurements in Fig. 3, we show the simulation results of
Monte Carlo for density estimation and the density estimate function of the error of quantized
measurements, where θ decreases. From 20 to 10. In Fig. 4, we show the simulation results of Monte
Carlo for density estimation, with θ = 3 and θ= 1, respectively. Here, we take M = 30000. These
simulation results confirm the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
Target tracking :- The target initial state is X0 = [35, 1.1, 25, 0.9]T. Here,we employ the tracking
algorithm starting from X0|0 = [38, 1.05, 23, 1.0]T, P0|0 = 50 × Q with q = 0.09 intensity of the
process noise.
 CONCLUSION

The problem of noise analysis for quantization measurement has been investigated. We consider a theoretical analysis
based on the convolution of independent random variables and the mean value theorem. The approximation of PDF
of quantized measurement is given. When the uniform quantization is coarse, i.e., the bin width of the uniform
quantizer is large relative to the standard deviation of the Gaussian noise, the overall quantization noise ζi(k)
approximates to uniform distribution. Otherwise, it approximatesto normal distribution. Based on the nonparametric
density estimation technique, a Monte Carlo method to estimate the probability density of quantization noise is
introduced. The simulation results of nonparametric density estimation algorithm demonstrate that the conclusions
of theoretical analysis are pproper The problem of state estimation with coarsely quantized measurements is
considered. An efficient solution for state estimation with coarsely quantized measurements in the MMSE sense has
been proposed. The novel method is simulated for target tracking scenario in WSNs and compared with the results
of the QUKF and of the ideal UKF. The numerical results show an improvement provided by the novel method over
the existing QUKF approach.
THANKYOU