KETONES

GROUP 3
01
WHAT
IS
 DEFINITI
KETONE
• ON organic compound in
A ketone is a carbonyl-containing
which the carbonyl carbon atom has two other carbon atoms
directly attached to it.
• The ketone functional group is;
 DEFINITI
KETONE
• The general condensed ON
formula for a ketone is RCOR, in
which the oxygen atom is understood to be double bonded
to the carbonyl carbon at the left of it in the formula.
 DEFINITI
KETONE
•
ON
In a ketone, the carbonyl group is always at a
nonterminal (interior) position on the hydrocarbon
chain.
• A ketone functional group, by contrast, is always
found within a carbon chain as it must be bonded to
two other carbon atoms.
02
NOMENCLAT
URE FOR
IUPAC RULES
Assigning IUPAC names to ketones is similar to naming aldehydes except
that the ending one is used instead of -al. The rules for IUPAC ketone
nomenclature follow.

• Rule 1: Select as the parent carbon chain the longest carbon chain that
includes the carbon atom of the carbonyl group.

• Rule 2: Name the parent chain by changing the -e ending of the

corresponding alkane name to -one. This ending, -one, is pronounced:
"own."
IUPAC RULES
• Rule 3: Number the carbon chain such that the carbonyl carbon atom
receives the lowest possible number. The position of the carbonyl
carbon atom is noted by placing a number immediately before the
name of the parent chain.

• Rule 4: Determine the identity and location of any substituents, and

append this information to the front of the parent chain name.

• Rule 5: Cyclic ketones are named by assigning the number 1 to the

carbon atom of the carbonyl group. The ring is then numbered to give
the lowest number(s) to the atom(s) bearing substituents.
03
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
 PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
• Polar or non-polar:
Van der Waals dipole-dipole attractions: Both aldehydes and ketones
are polar molecules because of the presence of the carbon-oxygen
double bond.
 PHYSICAL
• Volatility: PROPERTIES
Ketones are hydrogen-bond acceptors. Ketones are not usually
hydrogen-bond donors and cannot hydrogen-bond to themselves.
Because of their inability to serve both as hydrogen-bond donors and
acceptors, ketones tend not to "self-associate" and are more volatile
than alcohols and carboxylic acids of comparable molecular weights.
These factors relate to the pervasiveness of ketones in perfumery and as
solvents.
 PHYSICAL
• Boiling point:
PROPERTIES
The boiling point of a ketone is higher than the boiling point of
alcohol due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group.
The boiling point of a ketone increases with increasing carbon chain
length.
 PHYSICAL
• Melting point:
PROPERTIES
The melting point of a ketone is slightly higher than the boiling point
because the molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds. The normal
boiling-point range is slightly lower for ketones than aldehydes. This is
because ketones are less polar than aldehydes and thus have a weaker
interaction with water molecules.
 PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
• Solubility in water:
The small ketones are freely soluble in water but solubility falls with
chain length. Ketones also do not have hydrogen bonding but can make
hydrogen bonds with water.
04
COMM
ON
EXAMP
05
USES
OF
KETO
 USES OF KETONES
• The most common ketone is acetone, an excellent solvent for
many plastics and synthetic fibers.
• In the household, acetone is used as a nail paint remover and paint
thinner.
• In medicine, it is used in chemical peeling and for acne
treatments.
• Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), chemically butanone, is a common
solvent. It is used in the production of textiles, varnishes, plastics,
paint remover, paraffin wax, etc.
 USES OF KETONES
• MEK is also used as a welding agent for plastics due to its
dissolving properties.
• MEK is used as a sterilizer for bacterial spores on surgical
instruments, hypodermic needles, syringes and dental instruments.
• Cyclohexanone is another important ketone which is primarily
used in the production of nylon.
• Acetone, a common ketone, is used as a solvent for resins,
lacquers, and cellulose.
 USES OF KETONES
• Camphor, another ketone, is used in liniments and insecticides and
in the manufacture of celluloid and lacquer.
• Ketones, such as Civetone, are used in making perfumes.
• Ketones also are used in making flavorings, dyes, chloroform, and
plastics.
• Ketones and ketoacids are alternative fuels for the body that are
made when glucose is in short supply. They are made in the liver
from the breakdown of fats.
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YOU!