A Non-invasive Approach to Detection

Blood Glucose Levels with Image

Processing Using Smartphone

<Usman Umar, Risnawaty Alyah, Mustapa>

<319>

Presented by
<Usman Umar>
International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
Related Works
Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Introduction Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Blood and glucose is a very important components in human body tissues

Glucose is a carbohydrate element that produces an energy source for all body
cell tissues, accelerates metabolism and functions as the main fuel for the
brain, and controls body temperature
Uncontrolled blood glucose conditions can cause blood vessel disease
Excessive glucose levels over a long period of time can lead to diabetes,
which can be complicated by other diseases such as nerve damage, vision
loss, kidney damage, kidney disorders, and an increased risk of
cardiovascular disease
The device for measuring total glucose available in general clinical laboratories
is the one with invasive techniques.
Invasive technique procedures require blood samples collection which
poses a risk of bruising and inflammation

1/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Related Works Results and Analysis

Conclusions
Research using measurement methods with non-invasive techniques such as

• A low-cost mobile platform for whole blood

glucose monitoring using colorimetric
method

2/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
Related Works
Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Proposed Approach Results and Analysis

Conclusions

The proposed study describes a blood glucose detection system based on hand
skin image processing under Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). which is
implemented on a smartphone with QS android through the GULAABLE
application.

Invasive Method
Non-Invasive Method
3/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Experimental Details Results and Analysis

Conclusions

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
The initial step in this study was
venous blood sampling for invasive
glucose level measurement from 30
participants with an age range of 20 -
60 years

The second step is taking the image of

the skin of the hand with 4 hand
positions, the image of the skin of the
hand is taken with a 13 megapixel
smartphone camera with an object
distance of 10 cm.

4/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
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Experimental Details

Experimental Details Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Meassurement glucose levels with invasive method

NO Participant GLUCOSE NO Participant GLUCOSE

mg/dl mg/dl
1 Sample 1 84 11 Sample 11 146
2 Sample2 184 12 Sample 12 90
3 Sample 3 73 13 Sample 13 93
4 Sample 4 103 14 Sample 14 224
5 Sample 5 132 15 Sample 15 138
6 Sample 6 90 16 Sample 16 75
7 Sample 7 111 17 Sample 17 101
8 Sample 8 119 18 Sample 18 79
9 Sample 9 81 19 Sample 19 218
10 Sample 10 75 20 Sample 20 90

5/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Experimental Details Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Pre-processing Image
The next step is image pre-processing to reduce noise and unnecessary
information from the image and reduce variations that arise when the image
is captured, then cropping the image with the "im-crop algorithm" and the
data is stored as an image database.

6/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Experimental Details

Experimental Details Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Gray Level Co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) Texture Extraction

7/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Experimental Details Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Gray Level Co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) Texture Extraction

GLCM Feature Extraction Value GLCM Feature Extraction Value
No Participant No Participant
Contrast Correlation Energy Homogeneity Contrast Correlation Energy Homogeneity

1 Sampel 1 0.098555 0.88196 0.34667 0.95075 11 Sampel 11 0.07134 0.90859 0.37779 0.96433

2 Sampel 2 0.086571 0.89442 0.38517 0.95673 12 Sampel 12 0.084665 0.87291 0.39293 0.95767

3 Sampel 3 0.086148 0.8382 0.46703 0.95693 13 Sampel 13 0.067097 0.9357 0.36943 0.96646

4 Sampel 4 0.067255 0.95551 0.28309 0.96637 14 Sampel 14 0.10713 0.85561 0.37686 0.94673

5 Sampel 5 0.03198 0.77889 0.83127 0.98401 15 Sampel 15 0.06168 0.92622 0.38261 0.96916

6 Sampel 6 0.073775 0.89455 0.41545 0.96311 16 Sampel 16 0.11783 0.84175 0.38102 0.94112

7 Sampel 7 0.083086 0.87618 0.41396 0.95849 17 Sampel 17 0.082532 0.89421 0.38552 0.95874

8 Sampel 8 0.093749 0.95264 0.23283 0.95338 18 Sampel 18 0.045529 0.90466 0.51469 0.97724

9 Sampel 9 0.09077 0.92559 0.28675 0.95462 19 Sampel 19 0.087072 0.92875 0.29694 0.95651

10 Sampel 10 0.078451 0.91136 0.34591 0.96078 20 Sampel 20 0.037927 0.97613 0.30296 0.98104

8/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Experimental Details Results and Analysis

Conclusions

ARTIFICIAL NEURALNETWORK (ANN)

Training data
Training data using ANN with
backpropogation algorithm. by
linearly correlating between
invasive glucose levels and
GLCM texture values at each
angle at 4 image positions that
have been cropped with a size
of 1000 pixels from 20
participants.

9/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Experimental Details Results and Analysis

Conclusions

GULAABLE app
The final stage of developing GULAABLE on an android smartphone to analyze
blood glucose calcification.
The data base training data with ANN is uploaded to the android operating
system for the GULAABLE application.
Then the GULAABLE app is used to test the data with glucose calcification
output LOW or HIGH.

10/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Results and Analysis Results and Analysis

Conclusions

The results of the plot, show a

regression coefficient (R) of
0.91397.
R-value shows the relationship
between GCLM values and
glucose levels. very strong for
predicting total glucose because it
is close to 1

11/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Results and Analysis Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Evaluation Model
Data testing program using the GULAABLE application on a smartphone
The second step of the Then the third step after the
The first step is to install menu display gives the skin image has been
and open the GULAABLE option to add the image of obtained, cropping is carried
application on a the skin of the hand with out according to the required
smartphone the choice of taking size, and the cropping results
pictures from files will be displayed for analysis

12/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
Related Works
Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Results and Analysis Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Evaluation Model
Data testing program using the GULAABLE application on a smartphone

The next stage is the analysis process, this process
takes about 10 minutes, depending on the size of
the cropping image. The results of the analysis are
based on the displayed LOW or HIGH blood
glucose conditions
Finally step is finalization by
editing or inputting the
patient's identity and saving it.

13/17 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering (ICACIE 2016)
 Introduction
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Experimental Details

Results and Analysis Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Evaluation Model
The results of the identification of the gulaable app are compared with the results of
invasive glucose measurements
Glucose Result
Name, Gender and Age
No CONDITION Levels GULAABLE
(year)
Invasive
1 Rohana, (P.50) Normal 304 HIGH
2 Mardiana .( P. 23) Normal 218 HIGH
3 Eda, (P.44) Fasting 81 LOW
4 Hadayati, (P. 59) Fasting 75 LOW
5 Kamisa (P.43) Fasting 224 HIGH
6 Ahmad (L.50) Normal 194 HIGH
7 Sri Rahayu. P.50 Fasting 160 HIGH
8 Ramli D.S , L.60 After eat 211 HIGH
9 Kurnia, P.41 Normal 138 HIGH
10 Hakim Rewa L.39 Normal 266 HIHG

14/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
Related Works
Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Results and Analysis Results and Analysis

Conclusions

Evaluation Model
From the table of test results on 10 patients. showed 80% accuracy, misidentification
in 2 patients out of 10 patients

This study develops the GULAABLE application to identify blood glucose levels which
identify blood glucose levels through image processing of hand skin images

The results of this study show results with good accuracy, proving that non-invasive
monitoring of blood glucose levels allows detection through the skin of the hands.

15/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
Related Works
Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

Conclusions Results and Analysis

Conclusions

The proposed research has developed an innovative intelligent control application

to detect glucose levels. In this study, blood glucose levels can be detected by
image processing that is applied to a smartphone.
The correlation between invasive glucose levels and GLCM extraction values in
artificial neural network (ANN) regression plots using the backpropagation method
showed a very strong relationship with the R-value; 0.91 is close to 1.

The development of the GULAABLE application on a smartphone to detect glucose

with a non-invasive technique, where the results of LOW or HIGH calcification of
participants' glucose conditions are compared with the results of laboratory tests,
from the analytical data describing an acceptable accuracy to be applied to the
community

16/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
 Introduction
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Proposed Approach
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References Results and Analysis

Conclusions

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17/17 International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)
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Related Works
Proposed Approach
Experimental Details

References Results and Analysis

Conclusions

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International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics (iCEBEHI 2022)