Effects of Hazard

Exposure and
Vulnerability to Disaster
Risks
OBJECTIVES
 D EFINE HAZARDS, EXPOSURE, AND VULNERABILITIES;
 EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE A M O N G HAZARDS, EXPOSURE,
AND VULNERABILITIES;
 A P P R E C I AT E T H E I M P O RTA N C E O F U N D E R S TA N D I N G
T H E C O N C E P T S A B O U T HAZARD, EXPOSURE A N D
VULNERABILITIES SO THAT IT WILL B E APPLIED IN
EVERYDAY SITUATIONS.
 What I Know
1. It is a h a r m f u l e v e n t , m a t e r ia l, h u m a n b e h a v i o r, o r d i s e a s e that m a y c a u s e
l o s s o f life, i n j u r y o r o t h e r h e a l t h e ff e c t s , h a r m t o property, loss of
livelihood and services, social and economic disturbance, or d a m a g e to the
e nviro n m e n t.
a. d isaster
b. h a z a r d
c. risk
d. V ulnerability

2. ___________________ signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It is

d e r iv e d f r o m t h e interaction o f social a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l proc e sse s, from the
combination of physical hazard and the vulnerabilities of exposed elements.
a. disaster
b. h azard
c. risk
d. v ulnerability
 What I Know
1. It is a h a r m f u l e v e n t , m a t e r ia l, h u m a n b e h a v i o r, o r d i s e a s e that m a y c a u s e
l o s s o f life, i n j u r y o r o t h e r h e a l t h e ff e c t s , h a r m t o property, loss of
livelihood and services, social and economic disturbance, or d a m a g e to the
e nviro n m e n t.
a. d isaster
b. h a z a r d
c. risk
d. V ulnerability

2. ___________________ signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It is

d e r iv e d f r o m t h e interaction o f social a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l proc e sse s, from the
combination of physical hazard and the vulnerabilities of exposed elements.
a. disaster
b. h azard
c. risk
d. v ulnerability
3 . A serious disruption of the functions of a community or a society
causing widespread h u m a n , material, e c o n o m i c or environmental
losses w h i c h exceed the ability of the affected community or society
to cope using its own. What is it?
a. d isaster
b. h azard
c. resiliency
d. risk
4. It is th e characteristics a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f a c o m m u n i t y, s y s t e m
o r asset that m a k e it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
a. d isaster
b. d isaster R i s k
c. h azard
d. vulnerability
3 . A serious disruption of the functions of a community or a society
causing widespread h u m a n , material, e c o n o m i c or environmental
losses w h i c h exceed the ability of the affected community or society
to cope using its own. What is it?
a. d isaster
b. h azard
c. resiliency
d. risk
4. It is th e characteristics a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f a c o m m u n i t y, s y s t e m
o r asset that m a k e it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
a. d isaster
b. d isaster R i s k
c. h azard
d. vulnerability
5. It refers to the element at risk from a natural or m a n -m a d e hazard
event.
a. exposure
b. hazard
c. risk
d. vulnerability
6. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?
a. employees
b. professional
c. indigenous people
d. sm a ll entrepreneurs
7. Which of the following is not a m a n -made hazard event?
a. d rought
b. w ars and civil strife
c. leakage of toxic waste
d. environmental pollution
5. It refers to the element at risk from a natural or m a n -m a d e hazard
event.
a. exposure
b. hazard
c. risk
d. vulnerability
6. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?
a. employees
b. professional
c. indigenous people
d. sm a ll entrepreneurs
7. Which of the following is not a m a n -made hazard event?
a. drought
b. w ars and civil strife
c. leakage of toxic waste
d. environmental pollution
8. Disaster Management includes:

a. m itigation
b. reconstruction
c. rehabilitation
d. all of the above

9. W h i c h a m o n g the following groups of people is m o r e

vulnerable in the event of disaster?

a. m en, w o m e n , girls
b. m en, wo m e n , boys
c. m en, boys, old people
d. w omen, children, old people
8. Disaster Management includes:

a. m itigation
b. reconstruction
c. rehabilitation
d. all of the above

9. W h i c h a m o n g the following groups of people is m o r e

vulnerable in the event of disaster?

a. m en, w o m e n , girls
b. m en, wo m e n , boys
c. m en, boys, old people
d. w omen, children, old people
10. Which of the following elements is exposed to hazard?
a. h u m a n B e i n g s
b. b uilding structures
c. p ublic transport system
d. all of the above

11 . H a z a r d s c a n arise d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n s d u e to t h e fact that th e re

a r e m a n y cables a n d pipelines buried in the ground. This is w h y
‘rules for careful excavation’ have been established. W h a t is one of
these rules?
a. W h e n using an excavator always use a toothed excavator bucket.
b. Never dig in areas where cables or pipelines are k n o w n to be
buried in the ground.
c. First, manually dig trial trenches close to the specified location
of the cables or pipelines.
d. All of the above
10. Which of the following elements is exposed to hazard?
a. h u m a n B e i n g s
b. b uilding structures
c. p ublic transport system
d. all of the above

11 . H a z a r d s c a n arise d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n s d u e to t h e fact that th e re

a r e m a n y cables a n d pipelines buried in the ground. This is w h y
‘rules for careful excavation’ have been established. W h a t is one of
these rules?
a. W h e n using an excavator always use a toothed excavator bucket.
b. Never dig in areas where cables or pipelines are k n o w n to be
buried in the ground.
c. First, manually dig trial trenches close to the specified location
of the cables or pipelines.
d. All of the above
12. Which belongs to the elements exposed to hazard?
a. environmental A ssets
b. dwellings of households
c. agricultural commodities
d. all of the above

13. Which is not an example of types of mitigation

measures?
a. h azard m a p p i n g
b. flood plain mapping
c. raising of homes in flood-prone areas
d. implementing and enforcing building codes
12. Which belongs to the elements exposed to hazard?
a. environmental A ssets
b. dwellings of households
c. agricultural commodities
d. all of the above

13. Which is not an example of types of mitigation

measures?
a. h azard m a p p i n g
b. flood plain mapping
c. raising of homes in flood-prone areas
d. implementing and enforcing building codes
14. It is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness or
painfulness of something.
a. m igration
b. m isconception
c. m itigation
d. m utation

15. Which is not belong to the General classification of elements at

risk?
a. population
b. infrastructures
c. essential facilities
d. transportation facilities
14. It is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness or
painfulness of something.
a. m igration
b. m isconception
c. m itigation
d. m utation

15. Which is not belong to the General classification of elements at

risk?
a. population
b. infrastructures
c. essential facilities
d. transportation facilities
 Hazards, Exposure, a n d
Vulnerabilities f ro m actual
situations

S ev er al countries, i n c l u d i n g the Philippines, h a v e

e x p e r i en c e d disasters affecting the property, assets a n d lives o f the Filipino
p e o p l e , especially th e C O V I D 19 Pandemic, which kills millions of people not
only in the Philippines but wo r l d wi d e. To d a y, it 's important to b e extra cautious
a n d mind fu l all the t i m e . T h e t o p i c w i l l e v e n t u a l l y a d d r e s s c o n c e p t s o f
h a z a r d , e x p o s u r e a n d vulnerability a n d h o w they v ar y f r o m each other a n d h o w
important th ey are.
Activity 1
B e l o w is a picture of an incident in a mining community in Itogon, B e n g u e t after
th e o n s l a u g h t o f t h e Ty p h o o n O m p o n g in 2 0 1 8 . L o o k at th e picture then a n s w e r
the questio n s after the i m a g e .

Philippine N e w s A g e n c y, “Itogon landslide After O m p o ng”, Se p t e m b e r 2 1 , 2 0 1 8 ,

accessed M a y 28, 202
h t t p s : / / f i l e s . p n a . g o v. p h / s o u c e / 2 0 1 8 / 0 9 / 2 0 / i t o g o n - l a n d s l i d e - a f t e r -
ompong.jpg
Guide Questions:

1. W h a t is the hazard s h o w n in the picture?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. W h i c h area is exposed to hazard?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. W h a t d o y o u think is the cause of this incident?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. If the portion of the mountain slides d o w n towards the remaining

residential buildings on the left, what part of the community will be
most affected?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. Which part in the presented image will be least likely affected?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
 A Sample essay:

Figure 1. The aftermath of Typhoon Ondoy.

Back when I was 7 years old, when I still lived in the Philippines, I woke u p in
the m i d d l e o f night to the s o u n d s o f the trees n e a r o u r h o m e violently swaying
against the house a n d the terrifying h o w ls of the wind. N o w, bare in mind, that this
w a s the Philippines. T h e 2 n d country of the world to ha ve the m o s t ty p h o o n s . A t
first, w e tried to ig n o re it, thinking that it w o u l d p a s s b y soon but w e were quickly
proven wro n g though once w e got a hold of the Wi - Fi a n d s a w o n lin e that this
w e a t h e r w a s la b e le d a s a Sig n a l N o . 2. It m e a n t that this certain typhoon w a s
 capable of generating floods and strong waves. I became even more
terrified when I saw m y father get m e and m y sister down to the 1st
floor and in the extra bedroom. Throughout the walk, you could feel the
house shake and tremble.
Once we reached the room, with all honesty, I was sure that I was going
to die. T h e thing, too, is that in front of o u r house, stood a large tree. A n d
during this event, it was swaying so violently that you’d expect it to fall
directly on our house. We were saying our prayers and m y parents
repeatedly told m e and m y sibling h o w much they loved us.
When the night passed by though, we were greatly relieved. We thought
the bad fortune was over. Until w e saw m y cousins’ house.
Flooded up to the 3rd floor. Their store collapsed. And barely any of their
items w e r e rescued. It s a d d e n s m e , really, recalling m y older cousin, A t e
Hannah, w h o was usually the calm one, sit by the stairs to our home,
holding and crying about her stuffed-toy. It was soggy, destroyed, and
ruined.
 In a w a y though, it brought o u r family closer together. M y father a n d I
actually also traveled to m y cousins’ neighborhood a n d passed out clothes and
mattresses. While I felt happy being able to help others, it’s sadder seeing s o m e
of the families b e so desperate.

A n d a t t h e t i m e , n o n e o f u s r e a l l y k n e w, t h a t w e h a v e s u r v i v e d t h e
s e c o n d m o s t devastating tropical c y c l o n e i n the 2 0 0 9 Pacific t y p h o o n s e a s o n
of the Philippines; Typhoon O n d o y (Ketsana)
 In a way though, it brought our family closer together. M y
father and I actually also traveled to m y cousins’ neighborhood and
passed out clothes and mattresses. While I felt happy being able to
help others, it’s sadder seeing some of the families be so desperate.
A n d at the time, n o n e o f u s really k n e w, that w e h a v e
s ur v iv e d th e second most devastating tropical cyclone in the 2009
Pacific typhoon season of the Philippines; Typhoon Ondoy
(Ketsana)
Direction: Analyze and answer the following questions after the given scenario.
 SITUATION 1:
You are a mom. You live in Brgy. Aplaya, which is right next to Laguna de Bay. You have a 2-storey house,
and the ground floor where your sari-sari store is situated already flooded. You wrapped your baby and went to
the second floor, but the flood is fast rising and you are likely to get trapped. Your husband went to Barangay
Hall, where they prepared boats, but he has not yet come back.

1. Determine the hazards given in the story.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the possible ways to lessen the vulnerability of the exposed elements to hazard? Explain your
answer. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SITUATION 2:

Yo u are in grade 12, at your age y o u usually spe nd you r time with your friends a n d go
other places with them. Yo u are very m u c h excited because this is the da y where y o u a n d
y o u r f r i e n d s h a v e b e e n w a i t i n g for, A m o m e n t later P r e s i d e n t D u t e r t e a n n o u n c e d t h e
E n h a n c e d C o m m u n i t y Q u a r a n t i n e i n entire L u z o n b e c a u s e o f the C O V I D -19 Pandemic.
Yo u and your friends decided not to continue your outing and change it into friends
gathering party near you.

1. Determine the hazard given in the story.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. W h a t are the possible w a y s to lessen the vulnerability of the exposed elements

to hazard? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
W h a t is It
 H a z a r d is a harmful condition, substance, h u m a n behavior o r condition that c a n
c a u s e l o s s o f life, i n j u r y o r o t h e r h e a l t h e ff e c t s , h a r m t o p r o p e r t y, l o s s o f l i v e l i h o o d
a n d s e r v i c e s , s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c d i s r u p t i o n o r d a m a g e t o t h e environment. A n y
risk w hich is imminent is threat.

E xp osu re is the presence of elements at risk or chance of being h a r m e d from a

natural or m a n -m a d e ha z a rd event. E l e m e n t s include the individuals, hou se hold s o r
communities, properties, buildings and struc ture s, agricultural commodities,
livelihoods, a n d pub lic facilities, infrastructure s a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l assets present in an
area that are subject to potential da ma ge or even losses. The more a community is e xpose d to
hazard factors, the higher is the disaster risk or higher c ha nc e disaster occurrence.

Vuln e r ability means the characteristics and circumstances of a c ommunity,

system, or asset, that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of
a h a z a r d a n d in a b i l i t y o f a c o m m u n i t y t o p r e v e n t , m i t i g a t e , p r e p a r e f o r a n d re spond to
ha z a rdo us events.
 Risk implies the probability of possible adverse effects. This results from the
interaction of social and environmental systems, from the combination of physical
danger, a nd exposed item vulnerabilities.

Disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a c o m m u n i t y o r society

w h i c h c a use s w i d e s p r e a d h u m a n , material, e c o n o m i c o r e nvironme nta l losses that
e xc e e d the capacity of the c o m m u n i t y o r society c onc e rn ed to c o p e with the use of
their o w n resources. It results f r o m the m i x of hazards, risk conditions a n d
inadequat e capability o r measures.

E x p o s u re a n d vu lne r ab ility , o n the other h a n d , are distinct. A certain

c o m m u n i t y c a n be exposed but it does not m e a n that it is vulnerable. Buildings a n d
structures in Japan are exposed to earthquake, but they are not vulnerable since
their architectural a n d e ngin ee ring de signs are e a rthq ua ke p r o o f or resistant.
However, to be c ome vulnerable, it must be exposed to hazard first.
 Exposure to hazard can make a community vulnerable. But n o t all
communities that are exposed to hazard can be considered vulnerable. Vulnerability
d e p e n d s o n t h e p r e p a r e d n e s s a n d r e a d i n e s s t o a h a z a r d o f t h e c o m m u n i t y. I t
depends mostly o n h o w they mitigate, respond, a n d recover. If a certain c o m m u n i t y has
the ability to re du c e the vulnerability b y reducing th e risk, the said c o m m u n i t y is
already considered as less vulnerable or resilient.

Physical elements Population

Buildings: Urban land use, Density of population, distribution in space,
construction types, building height, building age, distribution in time, age distribution, gender
total floor space, replacement costs. distribution, handicapped, income distribution
Monuments and cultural heritage

Essential facilities Socio-economic aspects

Emergency shelters, Schools, Hospitals, Fire Organization of population,
Brigades, Police, governance, community organization,
government support, socio-economic levels.
Cultural heritage and traditions.
Transportation facilities Economic activities
Roads, railway, metro, public transportation Spatial distribution of economic activities,
systems, harbor facilities, airport facilities. input-output table, dependency, redundancy,
unemployment, economic
production in various sectors.

Life lines Environmental elements

Water supply, electricity supply, gas supply, Ecosystems, protected areas, natural parks,
telecommunications, mobile telephone network, environmentally sensitive
sewage system. areas, forests, wetlands, aquifers,
flora, fauna, biodiversity.

C.J. Va n Wester , “General Classification of Elements at Risk”, Caribbean H a n d b o o k o n Risk Information

M a n a g e m e n t , C.J. Va n We s t e r h t t p : / / w w w. c h a r i m . n e t / m e t h o d o l o g y / 5 2

Disaster mitigation measures are those that

e l i m i n a t e o r r e d u c e th e i m p a c t s a n d r i s k s o f h a z a r d s b y m e a n s o f p r o a c t i v e
m e a s u r e s t a k e n b e f o r e a n e m e r g e n c y o r disaster takes place. Mitigation is
the action of reducing something's severity, seriousness, or painfulness.
 What’s M o re
Activity 1: Tell me!
Analyze the picture below and answer the questions that follow.
Guide Questions:
1. W h a t c a n y o u s a y a b o u t t h e p i c t u r e ? W h a t d o e s t h e q u o t a t i o n m e a n ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2 . W h a t is t h e h a z a r d i n t h e p i c t u r e / s i t u a t i o n ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3 . W h a t is b e i n g e x p o s e d i n t h e p i c t u r e / s i t u a t i o n ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. W h y d o y o u t h i n k t h e c h a r a c t e r i n t h e p i c t u r e is v u l n e r a b l e ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. B a s e d o n y o u r analysis, E x p l a i n the h a z a r d , e x p o s u r e a n d vulnerability g i v e n in the

picture.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
C o m p l e t e the following s entences b y giving the appropriate a n s w e r n e e d e d i n the b l a n k .

Vulnerability is ______________________________________________________________.
Exposure refers to ____________________________________________________________
while hazard is defined as ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
Hazards may be caused by ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
and can be mitigated through_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
T h e difference b e t w e e n hazard, expos ure a n d vulnerability a m o n g each other is
Hazard_______________________________________________________________________
exposed______________________________________________________________________
vulnerability__________________________________________________________________
It is significant t o u n d e r s t a n d hazards , e x p o s u r e a n d vulnerabilities b e c a u s e
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
 COMPLETE ME!

Directions: C o m p l e t e the following s entences b y giving

the appropriate a n s w e r n e e d e d i n the b l a n k .

Vulnerability is
______________________________________________________________. Exposure refers
to ____________________________________________________________ while hazard is
defined as ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
Hazards may be caused by ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
and can be mitigated through_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
T h e difference b e t w e e n hazard, expos ure a n d vulnerability a m o n g each other is
Hazard_______________________________________________________________________
exposed______________________________________________________________________
vulnerability__________________________________________________________________
It is significant t o u n d e r s t a n d hazards , e x p o s u r e a n d vulnerabilities b e c a u s e
______________________________________________________________________________
Activity 2.1
C r e a t e a n i n f o r m a t i o n b r o c h u r e a b o u t t h e e l e m e n t s o f h a z a r d exposure. Visit a
community using google m a p (you can choose your o w n c o m m u n i t y o r b a r a n g a y.
D e t e r m i n e all t h e e l e m e n t s e x p o s e d t o h a z a r d i n that locality. U s e your resources to create a
creative brochure. B e creative and include emergency hotlines as m u c h as possible. Yo u will be
graded based o n the rubrics given.
Criteria’s 4 3 2 1
Accuracy All Most of the Some of the Very little of
information is information is correct information is The
correct and all of the and most of the correct and some of information is
sources are listed sources are listed the sources are correct and none
listed of the sources are
listed
Neatness All writing is tidy, Most of the Some of the Very little of
photos and artwork writing is tidy, photos writing is tidy, the writing is
are precisely and artwork photos and artwork tidy, photos and
placed, and all are mostly are artwork
sections are orderly placed somewhat are placed
carefully, and most of placed poorly, and the
the sections are carefully, and some sections
orderly of the sections are are disorderly
orderly
 Criteria’s 4 3 2 1
Creativity The brochure Most of the Some of the Very little of the
as a whole is brochure is brochure is brochure
interesting, interesting, interesting, is interesting,
engaging, engaging, engaging, engaging,
imaginative, and imaginative, and imaginative, and imaginative, and
original original original original
Colorful The brochure Most of the Some of the Very little of the
is eye brochure is eye brochure is eye brochure is eye
catching and catching catching and catching and dull
vibrant and/or and bright average and/or and/or mismatched
coordinated colors and/or some mismatched colors are
colors are mostly colors are used
used coordinated used
colors are
used
 Assessment

1. It is a h a rm fu l event, material, h u m a n behavior, o r disease that m a y c a use

loss o f life, injury o r othe r he a lth effects, h a r m to property, loss o f livelihood
a n d services, social a nd economic disturbance, or d a m a g e to the environment.
a. d isa ste r
b. h a z a r d
c. risk
d. vulnerability

2. ___________________ signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It

is d e r i v e d f r o m th e interaction o f social a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o c e s s e s , f r o m
the combination of physical hazard and the vulnerabilities of exposed elements.
a. d isa ste r
b. h a z a r d
c. risk
d. vulnerability
 Assessment

1. It is a h a rm fu l event, material, h u m a n behavior, o r disease that m a y c a use

loss o f life, injury o r othe r he a lth effects, h a r m to property, loss o f livelihood
a n d services, social a nd economic disturbance, or d a m a g e to the environment.
a. d isa ste r
b. h a z a r d
c. risk
d. vulnerability

2. ___________________ signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It

is d e r i v e d f r o m th e interaction o f social a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o c e s s e s , f r o m
the combination of physical hazard and the vulnerabilities of exposed elements.
a. d isa ste r
b. h a z a r d
c. r isk
d. vulnerability
3. A serious disruption of the functions o f a c o m m u n i t y o r a society
caus in g widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own. What is it?
a. d isaster
b. h azard
c. resiliency
d. risk

4. It is the characteristics a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f a c o m m u n i t y, s y s t e m
o r asset that m a k e it susceptible to the damaging effects of a
hazard.
b. d isaster
c. d isaster Risk
d. h azard
e. vulnerability
3. A serious disruption of the functions o f a c o m m u n i t y o r a society
caus in g widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own. What is it?
a. d isaster
b. h azard
c. resiliency
d. risk

4. It is the characteristics a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f a c o m m u n i t y, s y s t e m
o r asset that m a k e it susceptible to the damaging effects of a
hazard.
b. d isaster
c. d isaster Risk
d. h azard
e. vulnerability
 5. It refers to the element at risk from a natural or m a n -made hazard event.
a. exposure
b. hazard
c. risk
d. Vulnerability

6. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?

a. employees
b. professional
c. indigenous people
d. small entrepreneurs

7. Which of the following is not a man-made hazard event?

a. d rought
b. w ars and civil strife
c. leakage of toxic waste
d. environmental pollution
 5. It refers to the element at risk from a natural or m a n -made hazard event.
a. exposure
b. hazard
c. risk
d. Vulnerability

6. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?

a. employees
b. professional
c. indigenous people
d. small entrepreneurs

7. Which of the following is not a man-made hazard event?

a. d rought
b. w ars and civil strife
c. leakage of toxic waste
d. environmental pollution
8. Disaster M a n a g e m e n t includes:
a. m itigation
b. reconstruction
c. rehabilitation
d. all of the above

9. Which a mo n g the following groups of people is more vulnerable in the

event of disaster?
a. m en, women, girls
b. m en, women, boys
c. m en, boys, old people
d. w omen, children, old people

10. Which of the following elements is exposed to hazard?

a. h u m a n b eings
b. b uilding structures
c. p ublic transport syst em
d. all of the above
8. Disaster M a n a g e m e n t includes:
a. m itigation
b. reconstruction
c. rehabilitation
d. all of the above

9. Which a mo n g the following groups of people is more vulnerable in the

event of disaster?
a. m en, women, girls
b. m en, women, boys
c. m en, boys, old people
d. w omen, children, old people

10. Which of the following elements is exposed to hazard?

a. h u m a n b eings
b. b uilding structures
c. p ublic transport syst em
d. all of the above
11. Hazards c a n arise during excavations d u e to the fact that there are m a n y
cables and pipelines buried in the ground. This is why ‘rules for careful
excavation’ have been established. W h a t is one of these rules?

a. W h e n using an excavator always use a toothed excavator bucket.

b. N e v e r dig in areas w h e r e cables or pipelines are k n o w n to b e buried
in the ground.
c. First, m a n u a l l y d i g trial tre nc he s c lose to the specified location o f
th e cables or pipelines.
d. All of the above

12. W h i c h belongs to the elements exposed to h azard?

a. e n v iro n m e n tal a ssets
b. dwellings of households
c. a gricultural c ommodities
d. all of the above
11. Hazards c a n arise during excavations d u e to the fact that there are m a n y
cables and pipelines buried in the ground. This is why ‘rules for careful
excavation’ have been established. W h a t is one of these rules?

a. W h e n using an excavator always use a toothed excavator bucket.

b. N e v e r dig in areas w h e r e cables or pipelines are k n o w n to b e buried
in the ground.
c. First, m a n u a l l y d i g trial tre nc he s c lose to the specified location o f
th e cables or pipelines.
d. All of the above

12. W h i c h belongs to the elements exposed to h azard?

a. e n v iro n m e n tal a ssets
b. dwellings of households
c. a gricultural c ommodities
d. all of the above
13. W h ic h is not an example of types of mitigation measures?
a. h azard m a p p i n g
b. flood plain mapping
c. raising of h o m e s in flood-prone areas
d. implementing and enforcing building codes

14. It is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness or painfulness of

something.
a. m igration
b. m isconception
c. m itigation
d. m utation

15. Whic h is not belong to the General classification of elements at risk?

a. p opulation
b. infrastructures
c. essential facilities
d. transportation facilities
13. W h ic h is not an example of types of mitigation measures?
a. h azard m a p p i n g
b. flood plain mapping
c. raising of ho me s in flood-prone areas
d. implementing and enforcing building codes

14. It is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness or painfulness of

something.
a. m igration
b. m isconception
c. m itigation
d. m utation

15. Whic h is not belong to the General classification of elements at risk?

a. p opulation
b. infrastructures
c. essential facilities
d. transportation facilities
 Additional Activities
Yo u were just a Grade 11 student but elected as batang ka ga wa d in
your small community. Yo u thought of a first project y o u want to impose, W h a t
w a y s or a c t i o n s a r e y o u g o i n g t o i m p l e m e n t i n y o u r c o m m u n i t y to h e l p a n d
m a k e it less vulnerable to hazard? Write your answer o n a separate sheet.

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