Name : Aftab alam

Roll no : 28
What is Earthquake?
A series of vibrations induced in the earth's crust by the abrupt rupture and
rebound of rocks in which elastic strain has been slowly accumulating is
called earth quake.

How it works?
a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust or upper mantle, usually
caused by movement along a fault plane or by volcanic activity and resulting
in the generation of seismic waves which can be destructive related adjective
seismic
Destruction cause by earthquake:
1986 San Salvador earthquake
San Francisco Mission District burning in the aftermath
of the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.
Showa Bridge collapse:
SHOWA BRIDGE :
• Following the 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan, Niigata Prefecture
many bridges, including the, SHOWA BRIDGE over the Shinano river
collapsed. The newly-constructed Showa Bridge demonstrated one of
the worst instances of damage, and there are still uncertainties and
controversies regarding the causes of collapse. The collapse of the
Showa Bridge has been, throughout the years, an iconic case study for
demonstrating the devastating effects of the lateral spreading of
liquefied soil.
 soil Liquefaction:
Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby a saturated or
partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in
response to an applied stress, usually earthquake shaking or other
sudden change in stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid.
Liquefaction profile:
Showa Bridge was situated in the coastal alluvial plain of the Niigata
city which consists of marine sediments due to current along the Japan
Sea coast and due to the river or lake deposit along Shinano River. The
sand was uniformly graded medium sand and its 60 per cent diameter
(D60) was about 0.3 mm [24]. Hamada and O'Rourke [29] estimated
the ground liquefaction profile . The soil liquefied to a maximum depth
of about 10 m below the riverbed and to a maximum depth of
approximately 5 m below the riverbed near the left abutment.
Soil Liquefaction:
.