GENETICS

PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE
AND VARIATION
 Learning objectives
• Incomplete dominance
• Co Dominance
• Multiple Alleles
• Chromosomal theory of Inheritance
• Linkage
• Recombination
• Sex Determination
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
• INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE or PARTIAL
DOMINANCE or BLENDING DOMINANCE
• When two heterozygous alleles are together,
one of the dominant allele fails to suppress
the recessive allele completely as a result both
the alleles together express intermediate
character
• Eg:Flower colour in SNAPDRAGON or
ANTIRRHINUM SP’S and MIRABILIS JALAPA
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
 CO DOMINANCE
• When the alleles for two contrasting
characters are together in heterozygous
condition, both the alleles express their
character together is called Co Dominance

• Eg: ABO blood groups in man

Coat colour in Rabbit
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE AND CODOMINANCE
 MULTIPLE ALLELES
• More than two alternative forms of a single
gene occupying same locus on the
homologous chromosome and control a single
character is called multiple alleles

• Eg : Blood group in Man

GENOTYPES OF BLOOD GROUPS IN MAN
DONOR AND RECIPIENT BLOOD GROUPS IN
MAN
DONOR RECIPIENT
A A,AB
B B,AB
AB AB
O A,B,AB,O
 UNIVERSAL DONOR and RECIPIENT

• O Blood group is called universal

donor

• AB Blood group is called universal

recipient
 EXERCISE
Identify the blood groups of children whose
• 1.Father is heterozygous A and Mother is
homozygous A
• 2.Father is heterozygous A and Mother is
heterozygous B
• 3.Father is AB and Mother is O
• 4.Father is heterozygous A and Mother is O
CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE

• Proposed by WALTER SUTTON and THEODORE BOVERY

in 1902
• It was experimentally proved by T.H .MORGAN
• Morgan worked with DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
• Mendelian genes are located on chromosomes and
chromosomes segregate and assort independently
• The chromosome number in the body cells are fixed
(2n=46 in Man)
• Genes occur in pairs (alleles) and the position of gene
on a chromosome is called locus
 DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Fruit fly
• They could be easily grown on a synthetic medium
• They complete their life cycle within 15 days
• A single mating can produce large number of
progenies
• They exibit sexual dimorphism (males are small,
females are larger)
• They have limited number of chromosomes
2n=8
• Many hereditery variations can be seen with low
power microscope
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
 LINKAGE
• Presence of two or more genes on the same chromosome are
said to be linked genes and their pattern of inheritance is
called linkage
• It is the tendency of two are more genes to remain together
in the original combination on the same chromosome from
generation to generation.
• Linkage is the physical association of genes on a chromosome
• Linked genes occur in the same chromosome in a linear
sequence and are transmitted as a single unit
• The strength of linkage between two genes depends on the
distance between the genes on the chromosome
 RECOMBINATION
• The progeny with non-parental gene
combination due to crossing over during the
formation of gametes
• When the genes are tightly linked (showed
very low recombination)
• When the genes are loosely linked (showed
higher recombination)
 SEX DETERMINATION
• The process of identifying the sex of an
individual on the basis of the presence of the
X and Y chromosomes or sex chromosomes in
a cell is called sex determination.
• There are two types of sex chromosomes
X and Y
• The sex of an individual is determined by the
type of chromosome
 TYPES OF SEX DETERMINATION
1. MALE HETEROGAMETY
XX-XY type sex determination
Eg:Drosophila and Man

2. FEMALE HETEROGAMETY
a) ZZ-ZW TYPE SEX DETERMINATION
Eg:Birds
b) ZZ-ZO type of sex determination
Eg:Insects
 DROSOPHILA and MAN
• Drosophila and Man both exhibit XX-XY type of
sex determination
• Here the female carries XX chromosomes and
produce similar gametes (Homogametic)
• And males carry XY chromosomes and produce
two different type of gametes (Heterogametic)
• FEMALE = AA+XX
• MALE = AA+XY
 SEX DETERMINATION IN MAN
• Sex determination in Man is XX-XY type
• There are 22 pairs of Autosomes and 1 pair of
Allosomes
• A pair of X-chromosomes are found in female
and produce one type of Ovum
• In males 2 types of gametes are produced.50%
of the sperms carry X-chromosome,and 50%
of the sperms carry Y- chromosome
SEX DETERMINATION IN MAN
SEX DETERMINATION IN MAN,INSECTS and
BIRDS
SEX DETERMINATION IN MAN INSECTS AND BIRDS
 HOLANDRIC GENES
• Holandric genes / Y-linked genes
• Genes located on Y –Chromosome
• They are inherited from male to male only
Eg: 1.Hypertrichosis-Hairy Pinna in males

2. Ichthyosis-Fish scale disease

( inherited skin disorder where dead skin cells
accumulate in thick dry scales on skin surface)
 SEX DETERMINATION IN HONEY BEES
• Sex determination in honey bees is based on
the number of sets of chromosomes the
individual receives
• Female is diploid has 32 chromosomes
• Male is haploid has 16 chromosomes
• Unfertilised egg develops into MALE(DRONE)
• Fertilised egg develops in to FEMALE(QUEEN
and WORKERS)
SEX DETERMINATION IN HONEY BEE
SEX DETERMINATION IN HONEY BEES
 MUTATION
• A spontaneous and permanent change in the
genetic makeup that can alter the character of
an individual
• Mutation leads to alteration of DNA
sequences
• It leads to variation in DNA
• It results in change in genotype and
phenotype of an organism
 TYPES OF MUTATION
• 1. GENE MUTATION or POINT MUTATION-Change in a
single base pair of DNA Eg: Sickle cell
anemia(GAG=Glutamic acid,GUG=Valine)
• 2. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION- Caused due to
addition or deletion of chromosomes
eg:Syndromes
• 3. FRAME SHIFT MUTATION-Insertion or deletion of
three or multiple bases
eg: RAM HAS RED CAP
RAM HAS BIG RED CAP