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Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Chemical Equations
•Lavoisier: mass is conserved in a chemical
reaction.
•Chemical equations: descriptions of chemical
reactions.
•Two parts to an equation: reactants and
products:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Chemical Equations
The chemical equation for the formation of water can be visualized as two
hydrogen molecules reacting with one oxygen molecule to form two water
molecules:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Chemical Equations
Stoichiometric coefficients: numbers in front of the chemical
formulas; give ratio of reactants and products.
Chemical Equations
Law of conservation of mass: matter cannot be lost in any chemical
reactions.
has a mass of 12 g.
The Mole
Sample Problem
White Phosphorous consists of P4 molecules. It spontaneously
ignites on contact with air. The other allotropes of Phosphorous
are not as reactive. If there are 0.350 moles of P4 molecules:
(a) How many P4 molecules are present?
(b) How many P atoms are present?
Sample Problem
Solution:
Mass in Number of
Moles
Grams Particles
Multiply by Divide by
Molecular weight Avogadro’s
Number
Molecular weight depends on the molecule and the elements it contains has a unit of g/mol.
1 x 10 g x 1 mol x
-6 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 4.63 x 1015
130 g 1 mol molecules
Sample Problem
(b) 4.63 x 1015 molecules x 7 C atoms = 3.24 x 1016 C atoms
1 molecule C7H14O2
Percent composition
There are two common ways of describing the composition of a compound: in terms of
the numbers of its constituent atoms and in terms of the percentages (by mass)
of its elements.
To get the molecular formula, first get the molecular weight of the empirical formula:
C: 3 x 12 g/mol = 36 g/mol
H: 3 x 1 g/mol = 3 g/mol
O: 1 x 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
Total = 55 g/mol
Sample Problems
Solution:
(b) Cont.
To get the molecular formula:
n= =2
Molecular Formula = (C3H3O)2 = C6H6O2
Sample Problems
Solution:
(c) First get the empirical formula, since the given are masses convert to moles
C: 49.98 g C x = 4.165 mol C
H: 10.47 g H x = 10.47 mol H
Divide everything to the least number of moles to get the coefficients
C: = 1
H: = 2.513
If the coefficients are not whole numbers, multiply this to an integer, in this case, 2
C: 1x2 = 2
H: 2.513 x 2 = 5.03 5
Empirical Formula: C2H5
Sample Problems
Solution:
(c) Cont.
To get the molecular formula, first get the molecular weight of the empirical formula:
C: 2 x 12 g/mol = 24 g/mol
H: 5 x 1 g/mol = 5 g/mol
Total = 29 g/mol
N = 1x 2 = 2 N = 1 x 2= 2
H = 3x 2 = 6 O = 1 x 2= 2
O = 2 x 5/2= 5 H = 2 x 3= 6
O = 1 x 3= 3
OTotal = 2 + 3 = 5
If there is a fraction on the coefficient, multiply it to the value of the denominator:
4 NH3 + 5 O2 2 NO + 6 H2O
Stoichiometric Calculations
1. Balance the chemical equation.
2. Convert the known mass of the reactant or product to moles of that
substance.
3. Use the balance equation to set up the appropriate mole ratios.
4. Use the appropriate mole ratios to calculate the number of moles of
the desired reactant or product.
5. Convert from moles back to grams if required by the problem.
Sample Problems
Solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to
remove exhaled carbon dioxide from the living
environment by forming solid lithium carbonate and
liquid water. What mass of gaseous carbon dioxide can
be absorbed by 1.00 kg of lithium hydroxide
Sample Problems
Get the reaction first:
LiOH(s) + CO2(g) Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)
Then balance the reaction:
2LiOH(s) + CO2(g) Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)
The problem calls for the amount, in grams, of CO2 that will
react with 1.00 kg of LiOH
Sample Problems
1.00 kg LiOH 1000 g 1 mol LiOH 1 mol CO2 44 g CO2 9.2 x 10-2 g CO2
x x x x =
1 kg 23.94 g LiOH 2 mol LiOH 1 mol CO2
C = 1 x 12 g/mol = 12 g/mol
O = 2 x 16 g/mol = 32 g/mol
From the balanced equation, there Total = 44 g/mol
are 2 mol LiOH per 1 mol of CO2
Limiting Reactant
•If the reactants are not present in stoichiometric amounts, at
end of reaction some reactants are still present (in excess).
•Limiting Reactant: one reactant that is consumed
Percent Yield
•The amount of product predicted from stoichiometry taking
into account limiting reagents is called the theoretical yield.
•The percent yield relates the actual yield (amount of material
recovered in the laboratory) to the theoretical yield:
Sample Problems
Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia
over solid copper(II) oxide at high temperatures. The other
products of the reaction are solid copper and water vapor. If a
sample containing 18.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 90.4 g of
CuO: (a) Which is the limiting reactant?; (b) How many grams
of N2 will be formed?; and (c) If the reaction gave 6.63 g of
nitrogen experimentally, what is the percent yield?
Sample Problems
Get the reaction first:
NH3(g) + CuO(s) N2(g) + Cu(s) + H2O(g)
Then balance the reaction:
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g)
Sample Problems
(a) To determine the limiting reactant, compute the moles of N2 that would be formed
by complete consumption of NH3 and CuO:
N = 1 x 14 g/mol = 14 g/mol
H = 3 x 1 g/mol = 3 g/mol
Total = 17 g/mol From the balanced equation,
there are 2 mol NH3 per 1 mol
of N2
Sample Problems
90.4 g CuO 1 mol CuO 1 mol N2 0.38 mol N2
x x =
79.55 g CuO 3 mol CuO
Since the amount of mol N2 from CuO is less than the amount from NH3 then CuO is the limiting
reactant. (0.38 mol N2 from CuO < 0.53 mol N2 from NH3)
Sample Problems
(b) Since we have established that CuO is the limiting reactant, the amount of N2 will
now depend on the amount of CuO. From (a):
2 x 14 g/mol = 28 g/mol
6.63 𝑔
% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑= 𝑥 100
10.64 𝑔
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