Chapter 2

•LOAD ESTIMATION
•The electric load in electricity distribution varies with time
and place (See examples of load variation of three types of
customers in figure) and the power production and
distribution system must respond to customers’ load
demand at any time.

• There modern electricity distribution utilities need

accurate load data for pricing planning, tariff planning and
power production planning.

•The load information mostly is needed to know how

customer or group of customers uses electric energy at
different hours of day, different days of week and seasons of
year
TERMINOLOGY
Five terms are essential to the analysis of load characteristics: demand factor,
coincidence factor, diversity factor, load factor and maximum demand. These terms
are defined below.
DEMAND FACTOR:

The demand factor is the ratio of themaximumdemand on a system to the total

connected load of the system or EQUATION: Demand factor = Maximum demand
load Total load connected

Demand factor is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system to the total
connected load (maximum demand when all are used).
Demand factor is usually less than one.
Demand factor for residential building according to IEC.
Illumination: 50% of total connected load. Small appliance circuits:
100% of rated load for maximum outlet wattage in the circuit plus
40% of the total connected loads of other outlets in the circuit.

Fixed appliance circuits and Fixed electric ranges: 100% of rated load
of largest equipment plus 50% for rated load for the 1st equipment
following the largest one plus 33% for the 2nd equipment following
the largest load plus 20% of total connected load of other equipment.

Electric water heaters: 100% of rated load of largest equipment plus

100% for rated load for the 1st equipment following the largest one
plus 25% of total connected load of other equipment.

Air-conditioning units: 100% of total connected load in all cases.

 Type of load Demand factor
Cinemas 0.7 - 0.9
Shops 0.5
Theaters 0.6 - 0.8
Lifts 0.85 - 0.95
Hospitals
Kitchen 0.6
Lifts 1
Laundry 0.6
Sterilization 0.4
Medical equipment 0.6
Industry
Lighting. 1
General purpose equipment 0.4
Semi-continuous operations: paper mills, refineries, rubber, 0.6
Continuous operations: textile mills, chemicals, etc. 0.9
•Diversified load.

•Used for group of loads differ in consumption. Example

•Building contains commercial loads, industrial loads
and residential loads. There is diversity between each
part and also between each load in the part.

•COINCIDENCE FACTOR:
•The coincidence factor is the ratio of the maximum
demand of a system, or part under consideration, to
the sum of the individual maximum demands of the
subdivisions or EQUATION: Coincidence factor =
Maximum systemdemand Sum of individual maximum
demands
LOAD FACTOR:

The load factor is the ratio of the average load over a designated period of time, usually 1
year, to the maximum load occurring in that period or EQUATION: Loadfactor = Average
load Maximum load

MAXIMUM DEMAND:

The maximum demand is the integrated demand for a specified time interval, i.e., 5
minutes, 15minutes, 30 minutes, or other appropriate time intervals, rather than the
instantaneous or peak demand.
•Methods of Electrical load estimation:

•There are five methods for Electrical Load Estimation,

which are:
•Preliminary load calculation which
divide to: Space by space(functional
area method) Building Area method.

•Area method.

• NEC load calculations.

• Final load calculations.

 Total electrical Loads

Total floors loads= Load Density (KVA/100m²) x Build up Area /100 (m²)

For villa

The area of ground floor plan = 209.45 m²

The area of first floor plan = 209.197 m²

The area of Penthouse floor plan = 196.33 m²

According to Egyptian Code, we will take The load density for ground floor plan = ground floor
plan for first floor plan = 10 (KVA/100m²)
Connect load (kVA)

The ground=20.95
The first =20.92
The floor =19.63

Demand factor According to Egyptian Code =0.8

Demand load (KVA)

Demand load (KVA) = Demand factor* Connect load (KVA)

The ground= 16.76

The first = 16.74
The floor = 15.71
Spare (KVA) from to Egyptian code =0.3

Max Demand with spare (KVA) = Demand load* Spare (KVA)

The ground=21.78
The first =21.76
The floor =20.42
Demand load /Bu (KVA)

Demand load /Bu (KVA)= Demand factor* Max Demand with spare
(KVA)

The ground=17.74
The first =17.71
The floor =16.33
Total Demand load =51.17