tp14112 FSP PPT Eng

Transports Transport
Canada Canada
Fatigue
Stress
Pressure
Presented by: Patrick Kessler

Transport Canada Inspector
System Safety
Canada Canada
Let’s suppose that a 22 year-old pilot

has just been hired.
What issues will he/she face?
 Salary
 Work Schedule
 Experience
 Career goals
 Personal life
 Competition with colleagues
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Human Factors
 Fatigue and counteractive
measures
 Stress
 Pressure
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Objectives
 Understand that fatigue and stress
can prevent us from performing our
duties.
 Find ways of reducing our fatigue
and stress levels.
 Find ways of dealing with fatigue and
stress in an operational manner.
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Definition of fatigue
Fatigue refers to a decrease in
productivity and a general lack of desire
to work.
(Grandjean, 1988)
(Human Factors Journal, 1994)
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Fatigue
Lack of sleep:
 Cumulative;
 The need to sleep.
Circadian rhythm:
 Physiological and behavioural
process;
 Ups and downs.
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Circadian Rhythms:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Local Time (in hours)
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Factors that affect sleep

 Age
 Health
 Medication
 Alcohol
 The environment/working
conditions
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Consequences of fatigue
Practically every aspect of performance is
hindered:
Poor judgment;
Slower reactions;
Forgetting systematic checks;
Decrease in problem-solving ability;
Withdrawal.
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Effects on performance
 Seventeen hours without sleep results in
a performance level equivalent to a 0.05%
blood alcohol level (two beers).
 Twenty-four hours without sleep results in
a performance level equivalent to a 0.10%
blood alcohol level.
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Extreme Fatigue
Leads to an involuntary and
uncontrollable shutdown of
the brain
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Implication for flights

Periods of extended service:
 Extended period of wakefulness;
 Fatigue resulting from uninterrupted
continuous activities;
 Boredom/complacency;
 Crossing different time zones.
Limited time for sleep:
 Cumulative sleep debt.
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Popular misconceptions
 “I know how tired I am.”
 “I’ve gone without sleep before without it
affecting my performance.”
 “I’m a professional and I can overcome
the challenge.”
Why not?
It is very difficult to recognize and reliably
determine our own level of fatigue!
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The fatigue factor in aviation:
Fatigue
Countermeasures
Z
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Z
Z
Z
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There is no simple answer!

 Sleep and the physiology of the circadian
rhythm are complex.
 There are significant differences among
people.
 Different flights have different stresses.
Be wary of “miracle cures” for fatigue and
jetlag. There is no magic remedy.
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Alertness management
strategies
Preventive strategies:
 Used before a flight and during a stopover
to counter the harmful effects of fatigue,
sleep loss and disturbance of the
circadian rhythm during a flight.
Operational strategies:
 Used during a flight to maintain alertness
and level of performance.
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Preventive strategies
 Strategies that prepare you for sleep.
 Strategies that help you fall asleep.
 Strategies that improve the quality of
your sleep.
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Sleep aids
 Sleeping pills:
 May help you fall asleep and sleep better;
 Some may alter your sleep or have side
effects;
 May create dependence;
 Take the lowest dose for the shortest
possible period.
 Melatonin:
 May facilitate the adaptation of the circadian
rhythm and encourage sleep;
 Its long-term effects are unknown;
 It is not available legally in Canada.
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Strategies to increase
alertness
A NAP BEFORE A FLIGHT CAN IMPROVE ALERTNESS!!
 If it is prior to a flight, try to limit your
nap to 45 minutes.
 If it is not prior to a flight, you can rest
longer (1.5 hours to 2 hours).
 If you don’t have 45 minutes, sleeping a
little is better than not sleeping at all.
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Strategies to increase
alertness
What can you do in the cockpit??
 Start a conversation.
 Do something physical.
 Consume caffeine strategically:
 Caffeine increases alertness. It takes between 15 and 30
minutes for it to have an effect and this effect can last
between 3 and 4 hours.
 Eat wisely and drink water.
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If you remember nothing

else, remember this:
 Fatigue is a physiological factor and it is
impossible to change physiology.
 Fatigue can have serious consequences
and it must be taken seriously.
 Aviation makes you prone to fatigue, but
there are things you can do about it.
 There is no simple answer; find out what
works for you!
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Stress
The body’s response to the strains
that it experiences.
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Acute stress
Acute stress is brought on by
problems that arise suddenly.
For example: the stress of additional

problems before the flight when we
are trying to keep to the schedule.
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Chronic stress
 Chronic stress is a result of long-

term conditions, both positive and
negative.
 Examples: a divorce or winning the
lottery.
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Anxiety
Can be defined as:

 An emotion
 A state of apprehension
 A normal and necessary phenomenon
Anxiety can cause disease
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Performance Light and heavy workloads:
Workload
Timeline (Workload /Time) 26
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Stressors in aviation
 Medical exams  Noises and vibrations
 Check flights  Temperature and
 Diseases humidity
 Pay  Diet
 Conflicts  Dehydration
 Fear of flying  Pressure changes
 Keeping to schedule  Confined spaces
 Passengers  Poor visibility
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Effects of stress
 Absenteeism: burnout, depression;
 Workplace accidents;
 Low tolerance for frustration;
 Poor eating habits;
 Tremors;
 Decrease in morale and lack of enthusiasm;
 Decrease in productivity.
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The basics of stress

management
 Identify, recognize, eliminate or counteract
stressors.
 Proactively deal with the stress factors
affecting you.
 Rest sufficiently.
 Eat a balanced diet.
 Exercise.
 Communicate.
 Take stock of your attitudes, your sense of
humour and your affective state.
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Documentation
A number of [French-language] tools are available:

 Facteurs humains en sécurité aérienne [human
factors in aviation safety]; B. Emeyriat, Modulo
publishing;
 Internet: www.psychomedia.qc.ca
 Internet:
http://perso.club-internet.fr/stanb/Stress/stress.htm
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PRESSURE
Urgent demands affect our
performance
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Sources of pressure
 MANAGEMENT
 COLLEAGUES
 YOURSELF
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Video on pressure
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Sources of pressure
• MANAGEMENT 3
• COLLEAGUES 2
• YOURSELF 1
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“The pressure on our

shoulders”
 Accept our responsibility towards a
situation
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DEAL WITH PRESSURE
STOP
LOOK
LISTEN
ACT
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Summary
 Fatigue management is crucial.
 By learning to control our stress, we

become able to give our best and to
better organize our lives.
 Manage pressure effectively
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Transports Transport

Presented by: Patrick Kessler

Let’s suppose that a 22 year-old pilot

Factors that affect sleep

Implication for flights

The fatigue factor in aviation:

There is no simple answer!

 Strategies that prepare you for sleep.

 Strategies that help you fall asleep.

 Strategies that improve the quality of

If you remember nothing

For example: the stress of additional

 Chronic stress is a result of long-

Can be defined as:

Performance Light and heavy workloads:

The basics of stress

A number of [French-language] tools are available:

“The pressure on our

DEAL WITH PRESSURE

 Fatigue management is crucial.

 By learning to control our stress, we

Questions and Comments

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