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Ekolojik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Sürdürülebilirlik İçin
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Family Theories
Family dynamics are in two conceptual frameworks as

structure and functions.
These; are family theories that guide the evaluation and
understanding of the family and family therapy models that
compasses the intervention.
Even if family theories are not used directly in families, they
provide information about the social structures, movements,
and therapy goals of families..
Classifications of the Theories
Conflict Theory
Social exchange Theory
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Family Systems Theory
Family Development Theory
Family Ecology Theory
Structural-Functional Theory
Feminist Family Theory
The basic assumption of symbolic interaction theory is that behavior reflects
the meaning people give to their actions and the meaning they give to others.
According to this theory, meaning-making is the center of interpersonal social

interaction.
In the symbolic interaction theory, which focuses on meaning-making and

mutual relations, these "meanings" are formed in mutual relations.
Symbols are the most basic concept of this theory and are tools that provide
speech, thinking, and agreement.
This theory accepts that individual behavior is formed by making sense of

these "symbols" in his mind.
The major proponents of the symbolic interaction theory are George Herbert
Mead and his student Herbert Blumer.
Blumer (1962) states that they interpret/analyze the behavior of the other
person before deciding to take action; thinks that they do not take direct action
without the intervention process.
Since symbols and signs are critical in the understanding and interpretation
phase, this theory accepts that humans are not simply robots that respond to
every stimulus as "symbolic interactionism."
The Symbolic Interactionist approach examines how people construct their
processes of meaning-making and interpretation in their communication and
how they position themselves and the other person.
He explains that the stimulus in the process of meaning-making and

interpreting does not automatically cause a reaction in the individual without
thinking «edim-action»
This consists of four interrelated stages
"Impulse" defines the immediate sensory arousal, the individual's response to
this stimulus, and the need to do something for this situation.
Hunger is an example of an impulse.
The individual may react to the impulse immediately and without thinking but
is more likely to think about the appropriate response.
Hunger can be caused by the person's internal state, the absence of food in the
environment, or possibly a combination of the two.
The second stage is perception. In this case, the person seeks the stimulus
associated with the impulse and reacts to it.
The third stage is manipulation. Once the impulse arises and the object is
perceived, the next step is to manipulate or -often- to engage with it, to take
action.
The final stage, completion, consists of taking action that fulfills the initial
impulse.
The "edim (action)" includes one person, but social "edim" involves two or
more people.
According to Mead, gestures are the basic mechanisms within the social act.
Mead defines gestures as "an act by an organism that calls out a response in
another organism."
A meaningful symbol is a kind of gesture that only humans can make.
Only when we have meaningful symbols we have a genuine communication.
According to Mead, people develop self-images through interactions with

other people.
Mead's views on the "self" as the sense of and interpret human behaviors to
form the basis of the symbolic interactionist theory.
Mead sees the self as a moving organism, not a passive receiver exposed to and
responding to an impulse.
According to Mead, the self is much more than the incorporation of social
structure and culture. It is more of a social process.
The basic principles of symbolic interaction theory can be summarized as:
Unlike animals, the thinking capability of humans is shaped by social
interaction.
In the social interaction process, people learn meanings and symbols that allow
them to use their thinking capability.
Meaning and symbols allow people to continue action and interaction.
They can change the meanings and symbols they use in order to be able to
interpret the situation while in action and interaction.
The intertwined patterns of interaction and action that occur in this way ensure
the formation of groups and societies.
Structural-functional theory, one of the most important theoretical approaches

in social sciences, gives the most comprehensive answer to the "How does
society, a living organism, maintain its existence?" question.
Structural-functional theory, systematized by Durkheim, was later developed

by Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton.
As the name suggests, the concepts of structure and function have shaped the
sociological perspective of structural-functional theory, consisting of various
subsystems with interdependencies that serve to meet the specific needs of
society.
The parts that make up the structure of society are institutions such as family,
education, and economy
While structural-functional theory analyzes how society maintains and restores
equilibrium, they accept shared values or accepted standards as the principle
concept.
The community value, which is among the most distinctive features of the
theory, is seen as the moral commitment/duty of people to the society in which
they live.
The basic assumptions of the structural-functional theory can be summarized
as follows;
The parts of a structure are functionally interrelated and interdependent and

contribute to the system's function.
Values and norms form the basis of social life.
Example: In an airport, the airline tickets and reservation personnel,
maintenance group, pilots, hostesses, passengers, control tower personnel,
restaurant workers, freight carriers, and other staff are interrelated.
It is easy to see that if there is some unrest in one of them, the system shuts
down.
That is how we can understand they are mutually dependent on each other.
When there are changes such as bad weather conditions that will cause an
imbalance as a system at the airport or the radar control system not working
well, the system will become temporarily inoperable, causing an imbalance,
and the balance will be restored by rearranging.
Social-Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory, which has increasing popularity and importance in
contemporary sociology, is accepted as the most prominent alternative to
structural-functional theory.
Conflict theory, which takes its roots from the philosophy of Karl Marx,
focuses on social, political, and economic inequalities between groups in
society.
It is accepted that people have some common interests they want and try to
achieve and that power is at the core of social relations.
Contrary to the structural-functional theory, which sees society as a
harmonious whole, the conflict theory accepts that society consists of groups
that conflict with each other for limited resources and have differences of
opinion regarding social values.
There is a struggle behind the relations, which are thought to be in unity and
solidarity.
The structural-functional theory accepts that there is interdependence and unity

in society; however, the conflict theory advocates that the communities
struggle with each other for power, and the conflict may be under control
temporarily by a community via suppressing its rivals
Conflict theory focuses on the idea that people are motivated by their own
interests and that conflicts are inevitable within their social groups, and accepts
family as a social group where there is a struggle for an institution of power,
domination, and conflict.
The view is that there are inequalities within the family and that there is a
constant struggle for power and control.
For this reason, it is stated that in order to explain intra-family relations, the
family should be considered as a grouping where there are conflicts of interest
and alliances are made for common purposes.
Since it emphasizes the conflict process between groups, this theory examines
issues such as decision-making between spouses in marriage, violence, the
marriage system, and divorce.
Family Systems Theory, one of the theories explaining communication and
interaction within the family, was shaped by the views of Ludwig Von
Bertalanffy's general systems theory.
It is the most basic conceptual framework in family communication and
interaction studies.
In family systems theory, physical, biological, and social relations are holistic,
and each part of the system has interdependencies with others.
The family is not perceived just only as a group of individuals. The interaction
between the members is influential, more than their personalities.
It is not considered sufficient to deal with family members or their
relationships alone; instead, the theory focuses on family members and their
relationships.
According to this theory, the characteristics of the family can only be
understood by examining the relations.
This theory seeks the answers to the "What kind of relationship does the
family have (functional or dysfunctional)?" and "How can relations be
improved to a better and more advanced level?" questions.
Family systems theory states that the most distinctive characteristics of a

system emerge from the features of the whole, not its parts.
All parts become meaningful when they are related to each other.
According to the theory, if the system is reduced to isolated parts, these parts
will vanish.
The family is a living system with subsystems, interconnected, open to
environmental pressures, and interacting with the perception and motivation of
family members.
According to this theory, every family must be able to adapt to environmental

conditions to survive; It also can change its structure and adaptation processes
regarding the needs and desires of its members.
For example, a newly married couple has to rearrange their family

relationships to include new daily behaviors (feeding the child, less sleep, less
common activities) to adapt to the parent role and re-establish the balance after
their children are born.
The ecological model, developed by Bronfenbrenner in 1979 and revised again

in 1999, provides an enormously comprehensive framework to reveal the
effects of social-cultural factors on personality.
According to the widely accepted ecological model, the individual is at the

center of the social/cultural system.
The family, local social service institutions, schools, state and federal
governments, the media, and current political ideas are taken into account
entirely in explaining how the development of the individual takes place.
It is stated that the individual affects the social/cultural environment and is
greatly affected by the environment.
This theory draws a conceptual framework to predict how children are affected
by parenting processes by examining parents and children in different
environments.
According to ecological theory, five environmental systems are intertwined,
with the family at the center of the ring, surrounding the individual.
These systems are in order initializing from close to and far from the
individual.
They interact with each other and the individual and affect the development of
the individual.
As moving away from the center, the effect of the systems becomes indirect
but more widespread.
From the center outward, these systems are microsystem, mesosystem,
exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
Microsystem (Near environment):
It refers to the network of close relationships in which the individual lives and
the relationships directly affecting individuals.
In this system, the child's relations with all institutions in his immediate
environment (nuclear family, peers, friends, school, close relatives, and health
institutions) and his own experiences are included.
It includes relations between parents, parent-child relationship, family
environment, close relatives and friends, school, teachers, babysitters, peers,
pediatric services, and some social services.
The child is affected by these people and institutions and also affects them..
Institutions within the microsystem influence each other (parents influences
school, school influences parents).
A teacher can inform a pediatrician about a medical problem; The pediatrician
can also make suggestions to help the child's harmony in the classroom to
solve this problem.
Interactions and experiences within the microsystem are the processes that
affect individuals the most.
Among the systems created by Bronfenbrenner, of which systems interactions
and experiences have the most individual-affecting processes?.
Mesosystem (Intermediate environment): It expresses the relationship and
connections between the elements of the immediate environment.
The "Mesosystem" is the function between the microsystem and the exosystem
as a bridge.
This function explains the interactions between the family and those in the
other environment.
This theory accepts that healthy and supportive relationships between
individuals and institutions in the microsystem positively support the
development of the individual.
The mesosystem evaluates the effect of "family-school interaction" on the

individual's development rather than the effects of the family or school
separately.
Which system acts as a bridge between the microsystem and the exosystem?
Exosystem (distant environment): It refers to elements such as the parents'
jobs, and friends, in which the child does not live directly but consists of
microsystems that affect the family.
Exosystems consist of institutions or individuals that do not affect the lives of
individuals but indirectly affect their experiences.
For example, legal service systems, a family friend, or welfare offices do not
directly affect the child's mental and social development. However, as long as
the family interacts with this system, it will be affected by this system.
These offices support the family's physical and mental health, provide
resources for food and shelter, or increase the family's influence on
development.
Which system consists of institutions or individuals that do not affect the lives
of individuals but indirectly affect their experiences?
Macrosystem (Broad environment-culture): It refers to the income status of the
family, ethnic structure, policies, economic and cultural values, customs,
traditions, and customs, covering all other systems.
Culture is known as society's personality and affects an individual's
personality.
It is emphasized that all cultural characteristics accepted in society affect the
individual's behavior.
Chronosystem (Historical environment): The socio-historical conditions in
which transitions and environmental events throughout life form the
"chronosystem.
It expresses how all systems are affected by the historical process, the changes
that occur in the historical process, and the process of these changes affect the
family, parents, and children.
For example, the internet did not exist in our lives before, but today it has
become an indispensable part of our lives.
This historical development also affects many of our behaviors and
personalities.
Social Exchange Theory
This theory focuses on human relations in general.
Although social exchange theory is based on different perspectives, the views
of Peter Blau and George Homans stand as the basis for theory development.
In this theory, social interaction is like an economic exchange, and the human
is an entity that establishes relations with others based on profit and loss.
In this sense, the social relationship is an exchange (shopping) relationship.
Social Exchange Theory
However, according to this theory, a social exchange cannot always be made
with money. Also, material and non-material things can be exchanged.
For example, a worker interacting with other workers in a factory may openly
collaborate with friends to obtain a bigger Christmas bonus.
At the same time, immaterial rewards such as friendship and goodwill can
elicit a similar result economically.
Feminist Family Theory
The feminist family theory seems to offer an alternative and
egalitarian(eşitlikçi) framework for social phenomena analysis by the concept
of gender.
It is a theory that focuses on understanding the role of women in the family
and human history and examines the family within the framework of the
concepts of gender, family relations, and conflict.
There is a general attitude in all feminist perspectives on issues such as
patriarchal society and questions about the distribution of gender roles,
motherhood, and companionship roles for women.
The focus of family development theory, which integrates many theories, is the
developmental stages of the family.
This theory is formed by the combination of the "structural-functional" theory

and the "family social system" views of the "large social system orientation
and symbolic interaction" theory.At the center of this theory locates the family
life cycle.
It is possible to examine the family development stages, which are called the
family life cycle, under the concepts such as marriage, the birth of children,
school years and adolescence, graduation from school-starting to work or
further education, children leaving home, and retirement.
In this process, from the beginning of the marriage to the death of the spouses,
family members assume different roles, responsibilities, and duties at every
stage and try to do their part.
Ref.
Sungur, Z. (2014). Toplumsal Yapıyı Açıklayan Kuram ve Kavramlar.
Türkiye’nin Toplumsal Yapısı. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Özabacı, N. ve Erkan. Z.(2013). Aile Danışmanlığı Kuram ve Uygulamalarına
Genel Bir Bakış. Ankara: Pegem. White, J. M. Ve Klein, D. M. (2008). Family
Theories, USA Sage Publications. İçli, G. (1997). Aile Araştırmalarında
Yöntem ve Yaklaşımlar. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi,
3,59-67.

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Ekolojik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Sürdürülebilirlik İçin

Family dynamics are in two conceptual frameworks as

According to this theory, meaning-making is the center of interpersonal social

In the symbolic interaction theory, which focuses on meaning-making and

This theory accepts that individual behavior is formed by making sense of

He explains that the stimulus in the process of meaning-making and

This consists of four interrelated stages

Only when we have meaningful symbols we have a genuine communication.

According to Mead, people develop self-images through interactions with

The basic principles of symbolic interaction theory can be summarized as:

Meaning and symbols allow people to continue action and interaction.

Structural-functional theory, one of the most important theoretical approaches

Structural-functional theory, systematized by Durkheim, was later developed

The parts of a structure are functionally interrelated and interdependent and

Values and norms form the basis of social life.

The structural-functional theory accepts that there is interdependence and unity

Family systems theory states that the most distinctive characteristics of a

According to this theory, every family must be able to adapt to environmental

For example, a newly married couple has to rearrange their family

The ecological model, developed by Bronfenbrenner in 1979 and revised again

According to the widely accepted ecological model, the individual is at the

The mesosystem evaluates the effect of "family-school interaction" on the

This theory is formed by the combination of the "structural-functional" theory

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