The Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

Elements, Compounds, and
Mixtures
 What is an ELEMENT?
o A substance
composed of a
single kind of atom.

o Cannot be broken
down into another
substance by
chemical or physical
means.
What is a COMPOUND?

o A substance in
which two or
more different
elements are
CHEMICALLY
bonded together.
 What is a MIXTURE?

o Two or more
substances that
are mixed
together but are
NOT chemically
bonded.
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Key to the Periodic Table

• Elements are organized on

the table according to their
atomic number, usually found
near the top of the square.
– The atomic number refers
to how many protons an
atom of that element has.
– For instance, hydrogen
has 1 proton, so it’s
atomic number is 1.
– The atomic number is
unique to that element.
No two elements have the
same atomic number.
 What’s in a square?
• Different periodic
tables can include
various bits of
information, but
usually:
– atomic number
– symbol
– atomic mass
– number of valence
electrons
– state of matter at room
temperature.
 What is the SYMBOL?

o An abbreviation of
the element name.
What is the ATOMIC WEIGHT?

o The number of protons

and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.
How do I find the number of protons,
electrons, and neutrons in an element
using the periodic table?

o # of PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER

o # of ELECTRONS = ATOMIC NUMBER

o # of NEUTRONS = ATOMIC _ ATOMIC

WEIGHT NUMBER
 Atomic Number

• This refers to how

many protons an
atom of that
element has.
• No two elements,
have the same
number of protons.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom

Wave Model
 Atomic Mass
• Atomic Mass
refers to the
“weight” of the
atom.
• It is derived at by
adding the number
of protons with the This is a helium atom. Its atomic
Hmass is 4 (protons plus neutrons).
number of
neutrons. What is its atomic number?
 Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
• There are
6 X 1023 or
600,000,000,000,000,0
00,000,000 amus in
one gram.
• (Remember that
electrons are 2000
times smaller than one
amu).
 Symbols

• All elements have

C Carbon
their own unique
symbol.
• It can consist of a
single capital letter,

Cu
or a capital letter
and one or two
lower case letters.
Copper
Common Elements and
Symbols
 Valence Electrons
• The number of valence
electrons an atom has
may also appear in a
square.
• Valence electrons are the
electrons in the outer
energy level of an atom.
• These are the electrons
that are transferred or
shared when atoms bond
together.
 Grouped Elements Have
Similarities
• Elements in the same group have similar
properties. Remember, groups are columns.
• Chemical Property - a property used to
characterize materials in reactions that change
their identity. Ex: burning something.
• Physical Property - a characteristic of a substance
that can be observed without changing the
substance into something else. Ex: measuring
something’s length, color, mass or volume.
 Properties of Metals
• Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be
pounded into thin sheets).
• A chemical property of metal
is its reaction with water
which results in corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals

• Non-metals are poor

conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
• Solid non-metals are
brittle and break easily.
• They are dull.
• Many non-metals are
gases.

Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids

• Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
• They are solids that can be
shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and
electricity better than non-
metals but not as well as
metals.
• They are ductile and
malleable.

Silicon
Metals - Lustrous, Malleable, and
Good Conductors?
These are physical properties of metals
• Lustrous means shiny or reflective of light.
– Coins and jewelry are shiny and reflective .
• Malleable means capable of being shaped.
– Aluminum foil is shaped or molded around food items to keep them
fresh.
• Being a Good Conductor means being able to allow
electricity and heat to flow through.
− When you think about the wires we use for
electrical devices, they are mostly made of
copper and other metals.
 Hydrogen
• The hydrogen square sits atop Family AI,
but it is not a member of that family.
Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
• It’s a gas at room temperature.
• It has one proton and one electron in its
one and only energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill
up its valence shell.
 Elements are arranged:

Vertically into Groups

Horizontally Into Periods

Why?
 If you looked at one
atom of every element
in a group you would
see…
Each atom has the same number of
electrons in its outermost shell.

• An example…
The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons
in their outer shells

Be (Beryllium)
Atom

Mg (Magnesium) Atom
• The number of outer or “valence” electrons
in an atom affects the way an atom bonds.

• The way an atom bonds determines many

properties of the element.

• This is why elements within a group

usually have similar properties.
If you looked at an atom from each
element in a period

you would see…

Each atom has the same number of
electron shells.

An example…
The period 4 atoms each have 4 electron
containing shells

4th Shell

K (Potassium) Kr (Krypton)
Atom
Atom
Fe (Iron) Atom
 Each group has distinct properties
• The periodic Table is divided into several
groups based on the properties of different
atoms.
Alkali Metals

Soft, silvery coloured

metals
Very reactive!!!
Group
Group 1A:
1A: Alkali
Alkali Metals
Metals

Reaction of
potassium + H2O

Cutting sodium metal

Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

Magnesium

Magnesium
oxide
 Alkali Metals

• The alkali family is found in

the first column of the
periodic table.
• Atoms of the alkali metals
have a single electron in
their outermost level, in other
words, 1 valence electron.
• They are shiny, have the
consistency of clay, and are
easily cut with a knife.
Alkali Metals

• They are the most

reactive metals.
• They react violently
with water.
• Alkali metals are
never found as free
elements in nature.
They are always
bonded with another
element.
 What does it mean to be
reactive?
• We will be describing elements according to their
reactivity.
• Elements that are reactive bond easily with other
elements to make compounds.
• Some elements are only found in nature bonded with
other elements.
• What makes an element reactive?
– An incomplete valence electron level.
– All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in their
very outermost energy level (This is called the rule of octet.)
– Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence
electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8
valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.
5
Alkali Metals reacting with water:

• Li (Lithium) – least reactive

• Na (Sodium)
• K (Potassium)
• Rb (Rubidium)
• Cs (Cesium) – more reactive
What would you expect
from Francium?!?!
 Conclusion
Group1: Alkali Metals
• 1
valence
electron

• Very
Reactive
 Alkaline Earth Metals

Silvery-White Metals
Fairly reactive
Many are found in rocks in
the earth’s crust
 Alkaline Earth Metals

• They are never found uncombined in nature.

• They have two valence electrons.
• Alkaline earth metals include magnesium
and calcium, among others.
Transition Metals

Most are good Malleable (easily

conductors of bent/hammered into
electricity wires or sheets)
 Transition Metals
• Transition Elements
include those
elements in the B
families.
• These are the metals
you are probably
most familiar: copper,
tin, zinc, iron, nickel,
gold, and silver.
• They are good
conductors of heat
and electricity.
 Transition Metals

• The compounds of transition metals are usually

brightly colored and are often used to color paints.
• Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons,
which they lose when they form bonds with other
atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons
in their next-to-outermost level.
 Transition Elements
• Transition elements have properties
similar to one another and to other metals,
but their properties do not fit in with those
of any other family.
• Many transition metals combine
chemically with oxygen to form
compounds called oxides.
How many things can you think
of that have Transition Metals in
them?
 Metalloids lie on
either side of the
“staircase”

They share properties with

both metals and non-metals
Si (Silicon) and Ge
(Germanium) are very
important “semi-conductors”
What are semiconductors used in?
 Nonmetals

Brittle
Do not conduct
electricity
 Halogens

Most are
poisonous
Fairly reactive –
react with alkali
metals (eg) Na+
and Cl-
Chlorine Gas was used as a
chemical weapon during World
War I.

It was used by the Germans in

World War II.
 Chlorine Gas
• The Germans were the first to use Chlorine gas
at Ypres in 1915
• Chlorine gas is a lung irritant
• The symptoms of gas poisoning are bright red
lips, and a blue face
• People affected die a slow death by suffocation
• Decades later men who thought they had
survived the war died from lung diseases such
as Emphysema
CHLORINE
 Noble Gases

Unreactive
Gases at room
temperature
Jellyfish lamps made with noble
gases artist- Eric Ehlenberger
 Colors Noble Gases
produce in lamp tubes:
• Ne (Neon): orange-red
• Hg (Mercury): light blue

• Ar (Argon): pale lavender

• He (Helium): pale peach

• Kr (Krypton): pale silver

• Xe (Xenon): pale, deep blue
Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series
• (A) Periods of the periodic table, and (B) groups
of the periodic table.
• Chemical “Groups”
– IA are called alkali metals because they react with
water to form an alkaline solution (basic)
• They are very reactive
– Group IIA are called the alkaline earth metals
because they are reactive, but not as reactive as
Group IA.
• They are also soft metals
– Group VIIA are the halogens
• These need only one electron to fill their outer shell
• They are very reactive
– Group VIIIA are the noble gases as they have
completely filled outer shells
• They are almost non-reactive.
• Four chemical families of the
periodic table: the alkali
metals (IA), the alkaline earth
metals (IIA), halogens (VII),
and the noble gases (VIIIA).
Metal: Elements that are usually solids at room
temperature.
Most elements are metals.

Non-Metal: Elements in the upper right corner of the

periodic Table. Their chemical and physical properties
are different from metals.

Metalloid: Elements that lie on a diagonal line between

the metals and non-metals. Their chemical and
physical properties are intermediate between the two.
 The Atom
An atom consists of a
• nucleus
– (of protons and neutrons)
• electrons in space about the nucleus.

Electron cloud

Nucleus
ATOM
COMPOSITION
The atom is mostly
empty space
•protons and neutrons in
the nucleus.
•the number of electrons is equal to the number
of protons.
•electrons in space around the nucleus.
•extremely small. One teaspoon of water has 3
times as many atoms as the Atlantic Ocean has
teaspoons of water.
 Compounds
– composed of 2 or
more elements in a
fixed ratio
– properties differ
from those of
individual elements
– EX: table salt (NaCl)
A MOLECULE is 2 more atoms
bonded together – they may be the same
element (ie diatomic molecule) or they may
be different elements (ie caffeine)
Composition of molecules is
given by a MOLECULAR
FORMULA
H2O C8H10N4O2 - caffeine
ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS THAT
THAT EXIST
EXIST AS
AS Remember:
DIATOMIC
DIATOMIC MOLECULES
MOLECULES
The “GENS”
These elements
exist as PAIRS
when ALONE.
Hydrogen (H2)
Nitrogen (N2)
Oxygen (O2)
Halogens
(F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
(P4 and S8)
 Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element (same Z)
but different mass number (A).
• Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n
• Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n
11
B

B
10
Isotopes &
Their Uses
Bone scans with
radioactive
technetium-99.
CARBON-14 – RADIOACTIVE
ISOTOPE
• Occurs in trace
amounts in the
atmosphere
• Absorbed into living
organisms
• The half-life of
carbon-14 is approx
5700 years (when half
the C-14 is converted
to N-14)
 Atomic Symbols
 Show the name of the element, a hyphen, and
the mass number in hyphen notation

sodium-23
 Show the mass number and atomic number in
nuclear symbol form
mass number
23
Na
atomic number 11
 Isotopes?
Which of the following represent
isotopes of the same element?
Which element is it?

234 234 235 238

X X X X
92 93 92 92

1 2 3 4
 IONS
• IONS are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or
negative charge.
• Donating an electron from an atom gives a CATION with a
positive charge
• Accepting an electron to an atom gives an ANION with a
negative charge
• To tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to
see if there is a charge in the superscript! Examples: Na+
Ca+2 I- O-2 Na Ca I O
 Forming
Forming Cations
Cations &
& Anions
Anions
A CATION forms An ANION forms
when an atom when an atom
loses one or more gains one or more
electrons. electrons

Mg --> Mg + 2 e-
2+ F + e- --> F-
 PREDICTING
PREDICTING ION
ION CHARGES
CHARGES

In general

• metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations (Mg2+)

• nonmetals (F) gain electrons ---> anions (F-)
– When an atom or molecule gain or loses an
electron it becomes an ion.

• A cation has lost an electron and therefore has a

positive charge
• An anion has gained an electron and therefore
has a negative charge.
Charges
Charges on
on Common
Common Ions
Ions
-3 -2 -1
+1
+2

By losing or gaining e-, atom has same

number of e-’s as nearest Group 8A atom.
 Learning Check – Counting

State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons

in each of these ions.
39
K+ O -2
16
Ca +2
41
19 8 20

#p+ ______ ______ _______

#no ______ ______ _______
#e- ______ ______ _______
– Elements with 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their outer shell
tend to lose electrons to fill their outer shell and
become cations.
• These are the metals which always tend to lose
electrons.
– Elements with 5 to 7 electrons in their outer shell
tend to gain electrons to fill their outer shell and
become anions.
• These are the nonmetals which always tend to gain
electrons.
– Semiconductors (metalloids) occur at the dividing
line between metals and nonmetals.
 EXAMPLE
What would the charge be on a sodium ion?

Since sodium in in Group IA it is a metal and so would

LOSE an electron
ou can tell how many would be lost by the group number
roup 1A elements lose 1 electron

So the charge would be +1

emember an electron is negatively charged. When you los
hem atom becomes positively charged…

hen you gain them it becomes negatively charged

 EXAMPLE
How would you right the symbol for the sodium CATION?

+1

Na
How many outer electrons does sodium have before it
loses one?

It has 1…remember the group number!