Group 4 September

19

Chapter 2: R O C K S A N D M I N E R A L S

Lesson 2.1 : MINERALS

0 Presented by: Desantores and De Lumen

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S SEPTEMBER

A w h a t is a m i n e r a l ?

Presentation B
w h a t are the characteristics
of minerals?

Overview C
what are the properties
of minerals?

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Minerals
A m i n e r a l is a n a t u r a l
s u b s t a n c e with distinctive
chemical a n d physical
properties, composition, a n d
atomic structure.
substances naturally formed in the
Earth, and formed by geological
processes naturally

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Mineralogy
Georgius Agricola- “father of mineralogy
” is the study of minerals, and the
building blocks of rocks,
a naturally occurring inorganic solid
that possesses in orderly crystalline
structure and a definite chemical
composition that allows for some
variation.
Georgius Agricola
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Characteristics of
minerals:
naturally occuring-substances naturally formed in the earth and minerals
formed by natural geologic processes

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Characteristics of
minerals:
naturally occuring-substances naturally formed in the earth and minerals
formed by natural geologic processes

generally inorganic- organic compounds are not considered minerals

-the kinds of carbon containing compounds that are made by living things,
are not considered minerals

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Characteristics of
minerals:
naturally occuring-substances naturally formed in the earth and minerals
formed by natural geologic processes

generally inorganic- organic compounds are not considered minerals

the kinds of carbon containing compounds that are made by living things,
are not considered minerals

solid substance- only solid crytsalline substances are considered minerals

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Mineraloid
A mineral-like substance that does
not meet all the criteria as a true
mineral and does not demonstrate
crystallinity.
Mineraloids possess chemical
compositions that vary beyond the
generally accepted ranges for
specific minerals.
For example, obsidian and opal are
an amorphous glass and not a
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crystal.
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Mineral vs Mineraloid
mineraloid may have the outward appearance of a
mineral, but it does not have the “ordered” atomic
structure” required to meet the definition of
mineral, some mineraloids lack the “definite
chemical composition” required to be a mineral
minerals are “crystalline”. in other words, they have
ordered atomic structure whereas mineraloid are
“amorphosous” this means that their internal
atomic stucture is not ordered

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C H A P T ER 19
2 SEPTEMBER
Characteristics of
minerals:
naturally occuring-substances naturally formed in the earth and minerals
formed by natural geologic processes

generally inorganic- organic compounds are not considered minerals

the kinds of carbon containing compounds that are made by living things,
are not considered minerals

solid substance- only solid crytsalline substances are considered minerals

orderly crytalline structure- minerals are made up of atoms are arranged in

an orderly reptitive manner, this orderly packing of atoms are reflected in the
regularly shaped objects called crystalls

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Characteristics of
minerals:
naturally occuring-substances naturally formed in the earth and minerals
formed by natural geologic processes

generally inorganic- organic compounds are not considered minerals

the kinds of carbon containing compounds that are made by living things,
are not considered minerals

solid substance- only solid crytsalline substances are considered minerals

orderly crytalline structure- minerals are made up of atoms are arranged in

an orderly reptitive manner, this orderly packing of atoms are reflected in the
regularly shaped objects called crystalls

definite chemical compositions that allow for some variation- most minerals
are chemical compounds having compositions that can be expressed by
chemical formulas.
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QUICK QUESTION!

Is ice a
mineral?

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QUICK QUESTION!

Is ice a mineral? YES!

it is naturally formed, is solid, does have a
definite chemical composition that can
be expressed by the formula H2O, and
does have a definite crystalline structure
when solid

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Rocks
rock is any solid mass of
mineral or mineral like matter
that occurs naturally as part
of our planet, m o s t rocks are
aggregates(cluster) of several
different minerals, a n d may
include non-mineral matter
such as organic materials
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diagnostic properties- useful in identifying
Properties of Minerals an unknown mineral, these include physical
and chemical properties

taste- Some minerals have tastes that are easily

described

smell- some minerals have a distinctive smell

flourescence, minerals glows under u.v light

magnetism- minerals that attract to a

magnet radioactivity- minerals gves off

radiation
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Optical Properties:
Luster -the appearance or quality of light reflected from the
surface of a mineral is k n o w n as luster.
Metallic- refers to minerals that are opaque, translucent, and have
the appearance of polished metal
Non-Metallic:
Waxy- appear like candles, beeswax, or paraffin blocks/pieces. Their shine is
moderate or soft
Adamantine-minerals that are sparkly
Resinous- have the appearance of resin
Vitreous- glass like
Pearly- pearl-like
09 Earthy- dull
 Metallic Non-Metallic

native copper gold

chalcedony (SiO2) diamond amber (C 10 H 16
(Cu) (Au)
(C) O)

silver galena (PbS)

quartz calcite (CaCO₃) kaolinite (Al 2O
(Ag)
(SiO4) 3· 2SiO
2·2H2O)
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Color is an ambiguous property(unclear or confusing),

Color is often useful, but should not be relied
upon.

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Streak
the color of a mineral in powdered form,
called streak, is often used in identification
a minerals streak is obtained by rubbing it
accros a streak plate and observing the color
of the mark it leaves

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Transparency
optical property to identify minerals
the ability to transmit light:

opaque- no light transmited

transluscent- light, but not an image, is
transmitted
transparent- light and an image are
both transmitted

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 Crystal Shape
crystal shape, or crystal habit, to refer
to the visible external shape of a
sample of a material

some minerals grow equally in all three

dimensions, wherears others tend to
be elongated in one direction,
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Strength Properties:
Hardness

a measure of the resstence of a mineral to

abrasion, is determined by rubbing it
against an object of k n ow n hardness

it is the most useful it measure the

resistence of a mineral to abrasions or
scratching

moh s scale- a numerical value of hardness,

w h ic h consists of 10 minerals arrange in
order from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)
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Cleavage
the tendency of a mineral
to break along planes of
weak bonding
some atomic bonds are weaker
than others, it is along these
weak bonds that minerals tend to
break when stressed

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 Fracture
minerals that have chemical bonds that are equally strong in all direcrions exhibit a
property called fracture
the property of a mineral breaking in a more or less random pattern with no smooth
planar surfaces

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 Tenacity
Describe h o w a mineral will respond to stress
the resistance of a mineral to breaking, crushing,
or
types includes: bending
brittleness- ability to break or powder

malleability- the ability to be h am m e re d out into thin

sheets sectility- ability to be cut into shin shavings with a

knife ductility- ability to be drawn into wires

flexibility- can be bent but does not resume original shape wh e n pressure is
released

elasticity- can be bent and return to its original shape upon release of
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pressure
 mineral resources are precious and essential to daily life,
mineral resources are used in all sectors of activity,
valuable for their physical and chemical activity, such as
solidity, conducticty, and color,

mineral resources are necessary to create objects we use

everyday
thats why the objects we use daily are mostly composed
by mineral resources

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 ALARM CLOCK

boron, copper, gold,

and quartz

GLASS

limestone, silica

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 CELLPHONE

copper, tellurium,
lithium, cobalt,
manganese, tungsten

BALLPEN
limestone, gypsum,
magnesium, quartz,
hematite

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 PAPER

kaolinite, calcite,
aragonite, titanium
dioxide, and talc

JEWELRY
gold, silver

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 CAR

magnetite and hematite

chromite cobalt,
nickel, manganese

TOOTHPASTE
alluminum, calcium
hydrogen phosphates,
lime, quartz and
hydroxyapatite. Fluorite

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 main mineral resources we use:
copper- has excellent conductive properties, examples:
smartphones, computers, television to cell phones, refrigirators,
washing machine and other appliances.

cobalt- improves power storage and vehicle batteries

tungsten - highly resistant, commonly used in heavy metal alloys

quartz- third most consumed substance in man kind, mapapunta

man sa glasswares, buildings, concretes, personal hygiene, school
supplies, gadgets like phones

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