Module 1 - MCAD

Dayananda Sagar University
Module 1
Mobile Computing and App Developement
Introduction to Mobile Computing

• Mobile Computing:
• Technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or
any other wireless enabled device.
• Free from having a connection with a fixed physical link.
• It facilitates the users to move from one physical location to another during
communication.
• Technology that provides an environment that enables users to transmit
data from one device to another device without the use of any physical
link or cables.
• provides a vast coverage diameter for communication.
• It is one of the fastest and most reliable sectors of the computing technology field.

• The concept of Mobile Computing can be divided into three parts:

1) Mobile Communication
• Specifies a framework that is responsible for the working of mobile computing
technology.
• Infrastructure that ensures seamless and reliable communication among
wireless devices.
• The mobile communication framework consists of communication devices
such as
• protocols, services, bandwidth, and portals necessary to facilitate and support the stated
services.
• These devices are responsible for delivering a smooth communication process.




2) Mobile Hardware
• Consists of mobile devices or device components that can be used to
receive or access the service of mobility.
• Examples of mobile hardware can be smartphones, laptops, portable PCs,
tablet PCs, Personal Digital Assistants, etc.

2) Mobile Hardware
• These devices are inbuilt with a receptor medium that can send and
receive signals.
• These devices are capable of operating in full-duplex.
• It means they can send and receive signals at the same time.
• They don't have to wait until one device has finished communicating
for the other device to initiate communications.

3) Mobile Software
• Program that runs on mobile hardware.
• This is designed to deal capably with the characteristics and
requirements of mobile applications.
• This is the operating system for the appliance of mobile devices.
• In other words, you can say it the heart of the mobile systems.
• This is an essential component that operates the mobile device.

3) Mobile Software

Applications of Mobile Computing

• Business
• Managers can use mobile computers say, critical
presentations to major customers.
• They can access the latest market share information.
• To enable the company to keep track of all activities of their
travelling employees, to keep databases consistent etc.
• With wireless access, the laptop can be turned into a true
mobile office, but efficient and powerful synchronization
mechanisms are needed to ensure data consistency.

• Infotainment:
• Now a days there is a huge market of Entertainment for
humans while they are on move.
• Watching movies, listening music and playing a game is
become a part of life for entertainment.
• In this case mobile computing performs a major role to
provide uninterrupted internet connection to digital devices.

• Replacement of Wired Networks:
• Wireless networks can also be used to replace wired
networks. e.g., remote sensors, for tradeshows, or in historic
buildings.
• Due to economic reasons, it is often impossible to wire
remote sensors for weather forecasts, earthquake detection,
or to provide environmental information.

• Credit Card Verification
• At Point of Sale (POS) terminals in shops and supermarkets,
when customers use credit cards for transactions, the
intercommunication required between the bank central
computer and the POS terminal, in order to effect
verification of the card usage, can take place quickly and
securely over cellular channels using a mobile computer
unit.
• This can speed up the transaction process and relieve
congestion at the POS terminals.

• Emergencies:
• An ambulance with a high-quality wireless connection to a
hospital can carry vital information about injured persons to
the hospital from the scene of the accident.
• All the necessary steps for this particular type of accident
can be prepared and specialists can be consulted for an
early diagnosis.

• Tourism:
• Tourism is the largest industry for all the countries.
• Mostly tourism places are at remote location from the
developed cities.
• In this case wireless communication performs a vital role in
connectivity for people who are enjoying their tour.
• They are continuously in contact with the family and friends
and searching for travel services, hotel services food services
etc.

• E-Governance:
• Governments are using many communication services to
update their rural areas.
• To provide health, education, safety , farming , weather
forecast and many other related information to governance,
governments are connecting rural areas with head quarter
offices for monitoring.

• Education:
• 2020 COVID Pandemic teach us a great lesson to provide
distance education to all who can not reach to the college or
schools.
• Wireless communication and digital devices are the
backbone for such distance learning concept.
• Now all private and public industries are moving towards
the online education with help of good wireless connectivity.

• Manage Personal Records :
• Some mobile applications allows user to manage their
personal records such as day to day activities, some useful
notes, etc…

• Social Media and Group Message :
• Some mobile applications allows user to keep in touch with
their friends and relatives by sending messages, images,
audio and video clips.

• Transaction :
1. Some mobile applications allow the facility of transaction such as
recharge mobile, pay bills etc…
• In today’s techno-crazy world almost all the peoples required
mobile computing services in one or another way. There are
lots of applications, and services available in the world of
mobile computing. Following are the application of Mobile
Computing:
Mobile Network Architecture-

Cellular Architecture
Cellular architecture is constituted of the following :

• A network of cells each with a base station.
• A packet switched network for communication between the base
stations and mobile switching centers.
• The public switched telephone network to connect subscribers to the
wider telephony network
Cellular Configuration
• In all cellular systems, land area is divided into a number of cells each
with its radio service.
• In AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone Services) the area is large which in
digital services, the area is much smaller.
• Conventionally cells are hexagonal in shape.
• Each cell uses a frequency range that is not used by its adjacent cells.
• However frequencies may be reused in non-adjacent cells.
• At the center of each cell is a base station through which mobile
phones and other mobile devices transmit data and voice.
Cellular Configuration
Mobile Switching Centers

Mobile Switching Centers

Features of Cellular Systems
• Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum.

• Reuse of radio channel in different cells.
• Enable a fixed number of channels to serve an arbitrarily large number of users by reusing the
channel throughout the coverage region.
• Communication is always between mobile and base station (not directly between mobiles).
• Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels within a small geographic area
called a cell.
• Neighboring cells are assigned different channel groups.
• By limiting the coverage area to within the boundary of the cell, the channel groups may be reused
to cover different cells.
• Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
• Frequency reuse or frequency planning.
• Organization of Wireless Cellular Network.
Shape of Cells
• The coverage area of cellular networks are divided into cells, each cell
having its own antenna for transmitting the signals. Each cell has its
own frequencies. Data communication in cellular networks is served by
its base station transmitter, receiver and its control unit.
• The shape of cells can be either square or hexagon −
• Square
• A square cell has four neighbors at distance d and four at distance
Root 2 d
• Better if all adjacent antennas equidistant.
• Simplifies choosing and switching to new antenna
Shape of Cells
• Hexagon
• A hexagon cell shape is highly recommended for its easy coverage and
calculations. It offers the following advantages −
• Provides equidistant antennas
• Distance from center to vertex equals length of side
Frequency Reuse
• Frequency reusing is the concept of using the same radio frequencies within a given area,
that are separated by considerable distance, with minimal interference, to establish
communication.
• Frequency reuse offers the following benefits −
• Frequency reuse improve the spectral efficiency and signal Quality (QoS).
• Frequency reuse classical scheme proposed for GSM systems offers a protection
against interference.
• The number of times a frequency can be reused is depend on the tolerance capacity
of the radio channel from the nearby transmitter that is using the same frequencies.
• In Frequency Reuse scheme, total bandwidth is divided into different sub-bands that
are used by cells.
• Frequency reuse scheme allow WiMax system operators to reuse the same
frequencies at different cell sites.
Frequency Reuse
• For example, when N cells are using the same number of frequencies
and K be the total number of frequencies used in systems. Then
each cell frequency is calculated by using the formulae K/N.
• In Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) when K = 395 and N =
7, then frequencies per cell on an average will be 395/7 = 56.
Here, cell frequency is 56.
Frequency reuse scheme
R is the cell radius

Cell with the same letter uses the same set of channels group or frequencies sub-band.

Mobile Ad hoc Network
(MANET)
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)
• MANET stands for Mobile Adhoc Network also called a wireless

Adhoc network or Adhoc wireless network that usually has a
routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc
network.
• They consist of a set of mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a
self-configured, self-healing network without having a fixed
infrastructure.
• MANET nodes are free to move randomly as the network topology
changes frequently.
• Each node behaves as a router as they forward traffic to other
specified nodes in the network.
• MANET may operate a standalone fashion or they can be part of larger

internet.
• They form a highly dynamic autonomous topology with the presence of one
or multiple different transceivers between nodes.
• The main challenge for the MANET is to equip each device to continuously
maintain the information required to properly route traffic.
• MANETs consist of a peer-to-peer, self-forming, self-healing network
MANET’s circa 2000-2015 typically communicate at radio frequencies
(30MHz-5GHz).
• This can be used in road safety, ranging from sensors for the environment,
home, health, disaster rescue operations, air/land/navy defense, weapons,
robots, etc.
Characteristics of MANET –
• Dynamic Topologies:
Network topology which is typically multihop may change randomly and rapidly with time, it
can form unidirectional or bi-directional links.
• Bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links:
Wireless links usually have lower reliability, efficiency, stability, and capacity as compared to
a wired network
• Autonomous Behavior:
Each node can act as a host and router, which shows its autonomous behavior.
• Energy Constrained Operation:
As some or all the nodes rely on batteries or other exhaustible means for their energy.
Mobile nodes are characterized by less memory, power, and lightweight features.
• Limited Security:
Wireless networks are more prone to security threats. A centralized firewall is absent due to
the distributed nature of the operation for security, routing, and host configuration.
• Less Human Intervention:
They require minimum human intervention to configure the network, therefore they are
dynamically autonomous in nature
Pros and Cons of MANET –
• Pros:
1.Separation from central network administration.
2.Each node can play both the roles ie. of router and host showing autonomous
nature.
3.Self-configuring and self-healing nodes do not require human intervention.
4.Highly scalable and suits the expansion of more network hub.
• Cons:
1.Resources are limited due to various constraints like noise, interference
conditions, etc.
2.Lack of authorization facilities.
3.More prone to attacks due to limited physical security.
4.High latency i.e. There is a huge delay in the transfer of data between two sleeping
nodes.
MANET-Challenges
•As nodes move, the connectivity may change based on relative locations of other nodes. The resulting
change in the network topology known at the local level must be passed on to other nodes so that old
topology information can be updated.
•For example, as MS2 in the figure changes its point of attachment from MS3 to MS4, other nodes that are
part of the network should use this new route to forward packets to MS2. In the figure, we assume that it is
not possible to have all nodes within each other's radio range. In case all nodes are closed by within each
other's radio range, there are no routing issues to be addressed.
MANET
• In figures raise another issue, that of symmetric and asymmetric
(bidirectional) and asymmetric (unidirectional) links.
• Consider symmetric links with associative radio range; for example, if
MS1 is within radio range of MS3, then MS3 is also within radio
range of MS1. Then the communication links are symmetric.
• Routing in asymmetric networks is relatively hard task.
• In certain cases, it is possible to find routes that exclude asymmetric
links, since it is cumbersome to find the return path. The issue of
efficient is one of the several challenges encountered in a MANET.
Applications of MANET
• Defense applications: Many defense applications require on the fly communications set-up, and ad hoc/sensor
networks are excellent candidates for use in battlefield management.
• Crisis management applications: These arise, for example, as a result of natural disasters in which the entire
communication infrastructure is in disarray. Restoring communications quickly is essential.
• Telemedicine: The paramedic assisting the victim of a traffic accident in a remote location must access medical
records (e.g. X-rays) and may need video conference assistance from a surgeon for an emergency intervention.
In fact, the paramedic may need to instantaneously relay back to the hospital the victim's X-rays and other
diagnostic tests from the site of the accident.
• Tele-geoprocessing application: The combination of GPS, GIS (Geographical Information Systems), and
high-capacity wireless mobile systems enables a new type of application referred to as tele- geo processing.
• Virtual Navigation: A remote database contains the graphical representation of building, streets, and physical
characteristics of a large metropolis. They may also "virtually" see the internal layout of buildings, including an
emergency rescue plan, or find possible points of interest.
• Education via the internet: Educational opportunities available on the internet or remote areas because of the
economic infeasibility of providing expensive last-mile wire line internet access in these areas to all subscribers.
• Vehicular area network: This a growing and very useful application of adhoc network in providing emergency
services and other information. This is equally effective in both urban and rural setup. The basic and exchange
necessary data that is beneficial in a given situation.
Sensor Network Architecture
Sensor Network Architecture
• Sensor Network Architecture is used in Wireless Sensor

Network(WSN)
• It can be used in various places like schools, hospitals,
buildings, roads, etc for various applications like disaster
management, security management, crisis management, etc.
• There are 2 types of architecture used in WSN:
• Layered Network Architecture
• Clustered Architecture.
Sensor Network Architecture-Layered Network Architecture:
• 1. Layered Network Architecture:

Layered Network Architecture makes use of a few hundred
sensor nodes and a single powerful base station.
• Network nodes are organized into concentric Layers.
It consists of 5 layers and three cross layers.
Sensor Network Architecture-Layered Network Architecture
• The cross layers consist of the following:

• Power Management Plane
• Mobility Management Plane
• Task Management Plane
• The advantage of using Layered Network Architecture is that
each node participates only in short-distance, low power
transmissions to nodes of the neighbouring nodes because of
which power consumption is less as compared to other Sensor
Network Architecture.
• It is scalable and has a higher fault tolerance.
Sensor Network Architecture-Clustered Network
Architecture:
• 2. Clustered Network Architecture:
In Clustered Network Architecture, Sensor Nodes autonomously clubs
into groups called clusters.
• It is based on the Leach Protocol which makes use of clusters.
• Leach Protocol stands for Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy.
• Properties of Leach Protocol:
• It is a 2-tier hierarchy clustering architecture.
• It is a distributed algorithm for organizing the sensor nodes into groups called
clusters.
• The cluster head nodes in each of the autonomously formed clusters create the
Time-division multiple access (TDMA) schedules.
• It makes use of the concept called Data Fusion which makes it energy efficient.
Sensor Network Architecture-Clustered
Network Architecture:
Data Fusion: Inside each cluster, each node communicate with the cluster head to gather the
information. All the clusters which are formed share their gathered information to the base station.
Differences between Mobile Adhoc
Network and Wireless Sensor Network
1. The data rate of MANETs is more than WSN
2. The number of nodes in the WSN is more than MANETs
3. Mobility is very high in MANETs(since nodes are less) than WSN
4. Sensor nodes of WSN are generally static and cooperate together to transfer the sensed data
5. Sensor nodes usually consume less energy than MANET’s nodes
6. MANETs are usually close to civilization.
7. Public-key cryptography is used in MANETs whereas symmetric key cryptography used in
WSNs for security purposes
8. Compared to MANETs, WSNs are smaller, more powerful, and more memory-constrained
9. Mostly, MANETs are used for distributed computing whereas WSNs are used for information
gathering from the environment
10.WSNs are more prone to failures than MANETs
Generations of mobile communication

• Be it technology, protocols, services offered or speed, the changes in
mobile telephony have been recorded as generation of mobile
communication.
• 1G
• 2G
• 2.5G
• 2.75G
• 3G
• 4G
• 5G



• 2G – Second generation communication system GSM
• Global System for Mobile communication (GSM).
• became the base standard for further development in wireless standards
later.
• This standard was capable of supporting up to 14.4 to 64kbps
(maximum) data rate which is sufficient for SMS and email services.
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system developed by
Qualcomm also introduced and implemented in the mid 1990s.
• CDMA has more features than GSM in terms of spectral efficiency, number of
users and data rate.

Features Includes:
• Global system for mobile communications (GSM) forms the basis of
2G mobile communication. GSM provides roaming and short
message service (SMS) facility
• It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS
(multi media message).
• It provides better quality and capacity.


The GSM architecture consists of the following components
• Mobile station (MS)

• Base station subsystem (BSS)
• Base transceiver station (BTS)
• Base station controller (BSC)
• Network switching subsystem (NSS)
• Mobile services switching center (MSC)
• Gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC)
• Home location register (HLR)
• Visitor location register (VLR)
• Operating subsystem
• Operation and maintenance center (OMC)
• Authentication center (AuC)
• Equipment identity register (EIR)

• 2G – GSM Architecture
• The GSM infrastructure starts with the Mobile Station (MS), each
containing a Subscriber Identity Module aka SIM. Through its RF
antenna, it connects to the Base Transceiver Station (BTS).

1. Mobile station: This represents the mobile device and consists of the
subscriber identity module (SIM).
• The international mobile equipment identity (IMEI) uniquely identifies
the mobile device.
• The SIM holds a secret key that helps in authentication and security
measures.
• Through its RF antenna, it connects to the Base Transceiver Station
(BTS).

2. Base station subsystem: This unit is composed of BTS and BSC.

• BTS (Base Transceiver Station ) represents the transceivers and antennas used in
the cells.
• The BTS contains the radio transceivers that handles the radio link protocols from
the MS.
• BSC (Base Station Controller). This manages the radio resources for one or more
BTSs. It handles radio channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers. The BSC
is the connection between the mobile and the Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

3. Network switching subsystem: This unit consists of MSC, GMSC, HLR,

and VLR.

• 2.5 G
• The 2.5G mobile communications technologies were developed in 1995

• 2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generation of mobile
telephony.
• Supports a data rate of 64 kbps
• 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology combined with GPRS.
• This generation of mobile communication was primarily dominated by the general
packet radio services (GPRS)
• GPRS is an upgraded version of the GSM system in terms of the speed of data
transmission
• GPRS operates using the packet switching mode for both data transmission and
Internet access
• It allows users to make voice calls and data transmission at the same time.
• The development of GPRS is an important step toward the development of 3G
technologies

• 2.5 G
Features Includes:
• Phone Calls
• Send/Receive E-mail Messages
• Web Browsing
• Speed : 64-144 kbps
• Camera Phones
• Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. Mp3 song

• 2.5 G – GPRS Architecture
• packet-based data service provided by the GSM network, that offers
data rates from 56-114kbps.
• combination of 2G and GPRS is usually described as 2.5G
• allows for data services such as WAP, MMS and internet
communication services (such as email and world wide web access).
• GPRS requires some changes in both the core and radio access
network (RAN).
• First, within the RAN to allow the BSC's to direct data traffic to the GPRS
network an additional hardware module was required on the BSC, called the
PCU (packet control unit).
• In addition, a software upgrade was also required on the BTS's.



• 2.75 G
• EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known
as 2.75G
• Evolution of GPRS and provides faster data rates of up to 384kbps.
• Speed increase are achieved via new modulation and protocol
enhancements to the existing GSM/GPRS networks.
• No changes are needed to the existing core network infrastructure
to support EDGE, and only an "add-on" to the BSS is required to
enable EDGE services.

• 3G
• Launched in 2001
• Standardized by the 3GPP as the Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS)
• Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps.
• 3G mobile communication systems support data rates of over 153.6 kbps
• They provide better quality of experience for the users and support
multimedia data transfers such as transfer of audio, video, text, and pictures
• Typically called Smart Phones and features increased its bandwidth and
data transfer rates to accommodate web-based applications and audio and
video files.

• 3G

• 3G
• 3G is built on top of the existing 2G infrastructure, with many of the

backend components being shared.
• The key difference between 2G and 3G is within the RAN (Radio
Access Network), which is also referred to as UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network).
• Here, the radio tower BTS's are replaced with NodeB's that support
higher data rates together with the RNC (Radio Network Controller).
One other small difference is also that the Mobile Station (MS) is
referred to as the UE (User Equipment).

• 3G

• 3G

• 3G
FEATURES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY
• Providing Faster Communication
• Send/Receive Large Email Messages
• High Speed Web / More Security Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
• TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
• Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
• 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song

• 3G
DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGY
• Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services

• It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G
• High Bandwidth Requirement
• Expensive 3G Phones.
• Large Cell Phones

• 4 G (Anytime Anywhere)
• based completely on an IP based network system.

• It provides seamless Internet access anytime, anywhere
• Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed
• One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC
• The goal of 4G is to provide high speed, improve security, along with
a lower cost of voice and data services over IP.
• provides two technology types LTE and WiMAX

MAGIC:
❑Mobile Multimedia
❑ Anytime Anywhere
❑Global Mobility Support
❑Integrated Wireless Solution

❑Customized Personal Services Also known
as Mobile Broadband everywhere


• Changes both with regards to the RAN and the core.
• 4G RAN - Traditionally, a NodeB has minimum functionality and is
controlled by a Radio Network Controller (RNC).
• However, with an eNodeB, there is no separate controller element.





• 5G
• latest generation of mobile communications

• It succeeds the previous 2G, 3G, 4G systems to provide high
performance (20Gbps), reduced latency, and greater user density.
• The key 5G uses cases/applications will be IoT, VR, self driving cars
and mobile broadband.

• 5G
BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
• High Speed, High Capacity
• 5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps .
• Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the clarity as
to that of an HD Quality.
• Faster data transmission that of the previous generations.
• Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in Audio/Video.
• Support interactive multimedia , voice, streaming video, Internet
and other
• 5G is More Effective and More Attractive

Mobile Operating Systems

Mobile Operating Systems

• A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps to run
other application software on mobile devices.
• A type of operating system which is specially designed for mobiles,
tablets, smartwatches, etc.
• They are a mixture of computer OS with some additional features for
mobiles.
• They are comparatively light and simple.
Types of Popular Mobile Operating System

• Android OS
• Bada
• Blackberry OS
• Apple iOS
• Windows Mobile Operating System
• Symbian OS
• Harmony OS
• Palm OS
• WebOS
Android OS
• The Android OS is the most common operating system among the

mobile operating system.
• Google is the developer of Android.
• It is an open source and free operating system.
• This OS is based on the Linux kernel.
• The name for every new version of update is based on ‘desserts’ for
example Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Oreo, Kitkat, etc.
• Samsung is the launcher of this operating system.

• It came into market in 2010.
• It includes features like 3-D graphics, application installation, multipoint
touch etc.
Blackberry OS
• The developer of this operating system is Reasearch In Motion

(RIM).
• It was specifically designed for blackberry devices.
• It is useful for corporate users.
Apple iOS
• After android, it is one of the most popular OS.

• It is designed to run on Apple devices such as iPhones, iPad tablets,
etc.
• Like the android devices have the playstore for apps download.
Likewise, apple iOS contains the app store.
• It has very strong security features.
Windows Mobile Operating System
• The developer of this OS is Microsoft.

• It is basically designed for pocket PCs and smartphones.
• It has the features of computer based Windows OS and additional
features for mobile phones.
Symbian OS
• Symbian Ltd. is the developer of this OS.

• Nokia was the first to use this OS on its mobile phones.
• It provides high level integration with communication.
• This OS is based on java language.
Harmony OS
• It is a latest OS
• Huawei is its developer.
• It is specifically designed for use in IoT devices.
Palm OS
• Its other name is Garnet OS.

• Palm Ltd. is its developer which developed this OS for use in
Personal Digital Assisstants (PADs).
WebOS
• Palm Ltd is its developer.

• It is based on Linux kernel and HP uses it in its mobile devices and
touchpads.
Features of Mobile Operating System
• Easy to use
• The graphics should be attractive.
• The buttons and features should be easy to use.
• The functionalities should not be very complicated.
• Features should be powerful and useful.
• Good app store
• An app is one of the basic part of an OS.
• Good and useful apps forms an important part of an OS.
• The apps should be simple and interactive.
Features of Mobile Operating System

• Good battery life
• Power is one of the main requirement of a smartphone.
• They require power for processors sensors etc. Therefore, the battery holds a very important role.
• Smartphones power usage keeps on increasing therefore, a good battery backup is very essential.
• Data usage and organization
• An operating system should focus on controlling the data and network usage.
• It should keep the limit and requirement in focus.
• Secondly, the organization of data related to to-do lists, calendars, alarms, reminders etc is very
important.
• A good OS should keep this data in a very organized and safe manner.
• Moreover, the data should be readily and easily available.
Mobile Communication-
challenges
Mobile Communication-challenges
• Mobile Computing is defined as a computing environment which is
mobile and moves along with the user.
• There are various number of challenges that affected mobile
computing and it has to overcome them.
• Some of the major technical challenges faced by mobile computing
are:
1. Mobility:
• It is the most important aspect of mobile computing, but it has to face the certain
challenges which are :
• Auto configuration of the system, as the environment of the system is developing
continuously. Hence for every change, it has to configure itself to the new situation.
• Location management is also a big objection in mobility. To manage the location,
following tasks are to be performed regularly over a fixed period of time.
• Track user’s call.
• Update user’s position and data.
• To maintain the heterogeneity is also a big task as the system is keep moving in a
large variation of situations
• Range of spectrum.
• Verification of security.
2. Wireless Medium:
• The transmission medium in mobile computing is wireless,
therefore the following points are considered:
• Various interferences occurs in the mobile computing by the
different elements in the environment.
• Accuracy and quantity of bandwidth should be sufficient.
• Network cost is feasible.
3. Portability:
• This means that the communication device moves, for eg.
mobile phones. The following mobile constraints are to be
considered as the devices are also mobile:
• Minimum number of resources are used.
• Security is very less, as security risks include the processing of
fake transactions, unauthorized access of data and program
files, and the physical theft or damage of the device.
• Restrictions of the battery.
Reliance on battery power
• A wireless connection means reliance on batteries to keep our mobile

devices running when we are unable to connect to a power source.
While batteries have improved over time in terms of life and time to
charge, they remain one of the leading mobile computing issues.
• Options such as bigger screens, additional sensors, and ways to
connect means a more considerable drain on the device's battery.
• While we as consumers may expect the development of better
batteries, it is also reasonable to expect the apps we use to also
protect from excessive power drainage.
• A well-designed app should conserve the power of the device battery.
Connectivity and reliability
• Depending on where you may be, you may experience poor connectivity
with your mobile computing device.
• You may find yourself in a place (such as a rural location, or some
buildings) where bandwidth is low, and there are gaps in coverage. Signal
ranges can fluctuate.
• Reliability may suffer in the form of dropped calls or other types of
disconnects.
• The more reliance on a network (as opposed to your device as a
standalone computer), typically the more considerable the risk of
disconnecting.
• App designers can potentially aid this situation by coding their apps to be
more robust against the loss of network connections.
Security and privacy
• There are several potential threats to mobile security, including:

• Data leakage
• Wi-Fi interference
• Outdated device security/operating systems
• Lack of mobile app security testing

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Dayananda Sagar University

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Applications of Mobile Computing

Mobile Network Architecture-

Cellular architecture is constituted of the following :

Mobile Switching Centers

Mobile Switching Centers

• Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum.

Frequency reuse scheme

R is the cell radius

Mobile Network Architecture-

• MANET stands for Mobile Adhoc Network also called a wireless

• MANET may operate a standalone fashion or they can be part of larger

• Sensor Network Architecture is used in Wireless Sensor

• 1. Layered Network Architecture:

• The cross layers consist of the following:

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

• Mobile station (MS)

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

2. Base station subsystem: This unit is composed of BTS and BSC.

Generations of mobile communication

3. Network switching subsystem: This unit consists of MSC, GMSC, HLR,

Generations of mobile communication

• The 2.5G mobile communications technologies were developed in 1995

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication

• 3G is built on top of the existing 2G infrastructure, with many of the

Generations of mobile communication

Generations of mobile communication