HOT WATER HEATING

SYSTEMS
7. HOT WATER HEATING
SYSTEMS
A. Circuit type

• There are four (4} principal methods of arranging the piping for the circulation of hot water to the heating elements located in the spaces
to be heated.

1. Series Perimeter Loop

- A series loop system consists of a series of heat emission units connected by a single pipe main. The heat emission units are part of the piping circuit. There are
no diversion tees needed. The size of the pipe main remains the same.

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7. HOT WATER HEATING
SYSTEMS
2. One-Pipe System
- In a one-pipe heating system all radiators are connected to the same pipe, which acts as both flow pipe and return pipe. This means that the
temperature decreases along the pipe. For this reason, the radiators along the pipeline should increase in size correspondingly to provide
the same heat output.

PRESENTATION TITLE 3
7. HOT WATER HEATING
SYSTEMS
3. Two-Pipe Reverse-Return

- Considered the classic method, though not too often employed and indeed not always necessary. In a two-pipe reverse return system the
total pipe length from the pump to and from each radiator is the same for all radiators on the same Storey. This gives a favorable water
distribution.

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7. HOT WATER HEATING
SYSTEMS
4. Two-Pipe. Direct Return
* (Not Favored, Unequal Distribution}
- This is generally used for larger systems and consists of two mains. One main is used for supply and one main is used
for return.

PRESENTATION TITLE 5
B. SPECIAL FITTINGS
A. Special Fitting is a series of products that can facilitate and speed up piping installation work for dirty or wastewater systems. Testing.

• In the return branch connection to the main it induces flow through the convector by retarding the flow to force water into the supply
branch and producing a jet to reduce pressure in the main following the return branch.

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C. AIR VENTS AND WATER DRAINS
- air must not be allowed to accumulate at high points in the piping or at the convector branches. These air vents relieve
these possible air pockets. which would otherwise make the system air-bound and inoperative. If a system is to be drained
and left idle in a cold house, water trapped in low points could freeze and burst the tubing or piping's.

PRESENTATION TITLE 7
D. HYDRONIC AND ELECTRICAL
CONTROLS
•Hot Water heating systems are fully automatic and operate as controlled by methods described in the figure. Makeup water is added as
required, the air level in the tank is regulated by the air control, fittings, and the circulator and burner operate as controlled by the aquastat
and thermostat. If the air vents in the piping are not automatic, they will require periodic manual "bleeding" of unwanted air.

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D. HYDRONIC AND ELECTRICAL CONTROLS
LEGEND
A. Compression Tank- Accommodates the expansion of the water in the
system.

B. Air Control Fittings- Vent out unwanted air in the boiler and
maintain the level in the compression tank.

C. Pressure Relief Valve- Usually set for 30 psi. Initial cold pressure
about 12 psi relieves excessive system pressure.

D. Oil Burner-Responds to acquastat or thermostat.

E. Stack Temperature Control- Senses stack temperature and stops oil

injection if ignition has not occurred.

F. Drain Valve-At low point in the water system.

G. Aquastat- Maintains temperature of boiler water by starting the oil

burner when temperature of water drops below the acquastat's setting
set at 180 °F.

H. Remote Switch-At a safe distance from the boiler so that the plant
can be turned off in case of Trouble during which the boiler cannot
be approached.

I. Junction Box and Relays-General control center.

PRESENTATION TITLE 9
 D. HYDRONIC AND ELECTRICAL CONTROLS
J. Thermostat-When the room temperature drops below its setting, it turns on both
the oil fire and the circulating pump.

K. Electrical Power Source-Operator from a separate individual circuit at

the power panel.

L. Hot Water Supply-Copper Tubing to convectors or baseboards.

M. Hot Water Return-Copper Tubing from convectors or baseboards.

N. Draft Adjuster-Regulates the draft (combustion air) over the fire.

0. House Cold Water Main-From which water is fed automatically into boiler.

P. Flow Control Valves-Prevent Casual flow of water by gravity when the

circulator is not running.

Q. Temperature/Pressure Gauge-Indicates water temperature and

pressure. Sometimes supplemented by immersion thermometers in supply and
return mains.

R. Pressure Reducing Valve-Admits water into the system when the pressure there
drops below about 12 psi. Has a built-in check valve to prevent backflow of boiler
water into the water main.

S. Shutoff Valves- Normally open. Can be closed to isolate the system and permit
servicing of components.

T. Circulator-Centrifugal circulating pump that moves the water through

the tubing and heating elements.

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E. CIRCULATING PUMP
A centrifugal pump is selected to overcome the friction-of-flow in the piping and fittings and to deliver water at a rate
sufficient to offset the hourly heat loss of the house or buildings.

PRESENTATION TITLE 11
FIREPLACES
TYPES OF FIREPLACE

1 • CONVENTIONAL MASONRY FIREPLACE

This is often used where there is wide space, and you can
afford it. But conventional fireplaces are about 10% efficient.
That is, 90 percent of the fire's heat goes up the flue.

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FIREPLACES
2. HEAT CIRCULATING FIREPLACE
- This give off as much radiant heat as conventional types, but to
this they add circulating air warmed by Convection. These
fireplaces have a double or triple wall fire box with an intervening
air space several inches wide.

PRESENTATION TITLE 13
FIREPLACES
3. PRE-BUILT FIREPLACES

- This type of fireplace makes it possible to install a

wood burning fireplace with - out concrete footings,
without a masonry chimney, at lower cost, and in a
room where structural considerations would otherwise
rule out a fireplace.

• There are two basic types of pre-built fireplaces:

a. The " BUILT-IN PRE-BUlLT - which is

a conventional appearing fireplace usually built into a
wall with a brick or wood paneled wall and a stone,
concrete or tile hearth .

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FIREPLACES
b. "FREESTANDING METAL FIREPLACE" this is
an obviously attractively metal, with striking an
unusual shapes available. (Wrought iron or copper
is preferred).

PRESENTATION TITLE 15
FIREPLACE FURNISHINGS AND
ACCESSORIES
1. FIRE BASKET or LOG GRATE-to support the burning fuel.

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FIREPLACE FURNISHINGS AND ACCESSORIES
2. COAL HOD OR WOOD CARRIER-to carry and hold fuel.

PRESENTATION TITLE 17
FIREPLACE FURNISHINGS AND
ACCESSORIES
3. FIRE LIGHTER - to start a fire (small pieces of pine resin wood or "saleng" is effective) Sometimes thick newspaper rolled like a log will
do) avoid gas.. 1t will smell and is dangerous.3. FIRE LIGHTER-to start a fire

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FIREPLACE FURNISHINGS AND ACCESSORIES
4. TONGS, LOG FORK, and SHOVE - feed the fire 5. BELLOWS – useful in stimulating the air Flame.
poker- stirs the Fire.

PRESENTATION TITLE 19
FIREPLACE FURNISHINGS AND ACCESSORIES
A. METAL HOODS: Decorative and Functional

- Copper sheets joined with standing seams make

up. This attractive fire - place hood. Steel-lined
but uninsulated, the warm metal effectively
improves I the fireplace's heating effective.

- Prefabricated metal hood makes for easy

installation.

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8. HYDRONIC HEATING DESIGN AND ZONING
For hot water (hydronic) heating systems the following design concepts are recommended.
Total equivalent length . The length of the longest circuit through which the water is circulated plus a
length equivalent to the resistance offered by the fittings, boiler, etc.
Pressure drop in the pipe. This drop due to friction expressed in mil-inches of water per foot of pipe, is the
difference in pressure caused by friction in 1 ft. of pipe and represents the static height of water in thousands of an
inch capable of being sustained by this difference in pressure.
Total Friction Head. Expressed in feet, this head is the column of static water that could be sustained by the
difference in pressure in the entire system owing to friction.
Required Flow. The water flow in gallons per minute to be circulated to make up the hourly heat loss and the
selected drop in the water temperature.
Required Volume of Expansion Tank. This is related to the volume of water in the system and the over-all rise in
temperature from cold water supply temperature to boiler water operating temperature.
Pump rating. The pump size is selected based on the required flow and the total friction head.

PRESENTATION TITLE 21
9. ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
HEATING
- Electric resistance heating is 100% energy efficient in the sense that all the incoming electric energy is converted to heat. However, most
electricity is produced from coal, gas, or oil generators that convert only about 30% of the fuel's energy into electricity.

- This procedure permits a method of operation that can contribute to the saving of energy. Temperature in rooms that are not in use, can
be lowered or the room units turned off by means of a switch. Thus, the rooms actually occupied would be the only ones to draw full
energy.

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1 . REFRIGERATED COOLING FOR HOUSES
a. AIR-TO·AIR COOLING
- Unlike the technique in large buildings and in district cooling. where distance makes the use of chilled water most
convenient for thermal transmission. houses are cooled by a rather simple arrangement of the refrigeration cycle. The
circuit of a refrigerant in compression, condensing, and evaporation, in which the condenser heat is carried away by
water and the evaporation process draws heat out of water in another circuit to produce chilled water.
- Thus, the heat is moved to a heat rejection location outdoors. In the following figure, is shown a schematic diagram of
an air-to-air (in distinction to a water-to-water) refrigeration device.
- Air instead of water can be used to cool the condenser, and indoor air can be cooled directly by passing it over the
evaporator coil in which the refrigerant is expanding from a liquid to a gas. Thus, heat is moved from the indoor air to
the outdoor air by the step-up action or heat pumping, nature of the refrigeration cycle. When indoor air is cooled
directly in this manner by the expanding refrigerant, the process is usually known as direct expansion. One recognizes
this assembly as the conventional window unit. (or through the wall unit}.

PRESENTATION TITLE 23
1 . REFRIGERATED COOLING FOR HOUSES
b. Cooling/Heating by a combined Hydronic and Air System

- This new system combines a perimeter hot water heating pipe with an overhead air-handling system. A boiler having a tankless coil
supplies domestic hot water. The heat output supplies both the perimeter loop and a coil in the air-handling unit of the duct system. The
total heating load is met by the combination of radiant heat generated by the perimeter loop and heated air from the overhead air-
handling system.

- The perimeter loop consists only of 1/ 2 or 3/4 inch copper tubing imbedded 4 inch below the top floor slab to kill the cold slab effect. It
has the capacity to maintain a 35 °F differential between inside and outside temperature at the perimeter. The air-handling unit and
overhead duct system with supply outlets in each room and central return, is used throughout the year. Its cooling coil is connected to an
adjacent outdoor, condensing unit.

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2. CENTRAL-STATION AIR CONDITIONING
a. COOLING by COMPRESSIVE REFRIGERATION
- After discussing the principles of heating. it is now necessary to consider the means for producing cool air, or the chilled water by which air
may be cooled. Occasionally ground water is obtainable at temperature low enough for direct use, but generally the use of a refrigeration
machine or other special cooling device is necessary. As shown in the figure below, the compressive refrigeration cycle is a scheme for
transferring heat from one circulated water system (chilled water) to another condenser water.

b. UNIT OF REFRIGERATION
- A ton of refrigeration is the cooling effect obtained when 1 ton of 32 °F 16 melts to water at 32 °F in 24 hrs. Since the latent heat-of-fusion
of 16 is 144 Btu/lb, the cooling effect or rate of ton of refrigeration (200 lb) is'taken as 144 x 2,000 = 288,000 Btu/day of 24 hr. or 12,000
Btuh. The requisite capacity of a refrigera-ting machine in tons may therefore be found by dividing the total heat gain in a building in Btuh
by 12,000.

c. COOLING by ABSORPTION
- Another form of water chiller is the refrigeration absorption machine. Suitable for installations up to 1,000 tons capacity, the external
connections of this device are similar to the centrifugal-refrigeration. It produces chilled water and has a cycle, of the condensing water that
must be cooled. Its motive power is steam, but instead of driving a turbine to run a compressor, the steam is used in regenerative process to
strengthen a salt solution.

PRESENTATION TITLE 25
2. CENTRAL-STATION AIR CONDITIONING
PROCESS/ ABSORPTION-REFRIGERATION CYCLES
1. Just as common table salt absorbs water on a damp day, the salt solution in the absorber soaks up some of the water in
the evaporator. The water remaining is thereby cooled by evaporation.
2. Evaporator coli and Pump Added - This refrigeration effect is utilized by putting a coil in the evaporator tank. Water
from this tank is pumped to a spray header which wets the coil. The spray's evaporation chills water in the coil as it
circulates to the refrigeration load. Solution pumped ·to spray in absorber raises efficiently.
3. Solution Pumps and Generator Added - In an actual operating cycle, the salt solution is continuously absorbing water
vapor. To keep the salt solution at proper concentration, part of it is pumped directly to a generator where excess
water vapor is boiled off. The reconcentrated salt solution is returned to the absorber tank where it mixes with the solution
sprayed to absorber in step 2.
4. Condenser and Heat Exchanger Added - Water vapor boiled off from the weak solution is condensed and returned to
the evaporator. A heat exchanger uses the hot, concentrated salt solution leaving the generator to preheat the cooler, weak
solution coming from the absorber. Finally, condensing water circulating through the absorber and condenser coils removes
the waste heat.

PRESENTATION TITLE 26
2. CENTRAL-STATION AIR CONDITIONING
d. PRINCIPLES OF CENTRAL COOLING

In larger buildings and those with varied and diverse occupancy, it is usually preferred to centralize the refrigeration plant. The condenser is
cooled by water circulated to an outdoor cooling tower and the evaporator produces chilled water. The latter is then pumped to wherever it is
needed in the building.

e. CENTRAL STATION CONDITIONING

When heat is needed in winter the air circulated through the room or other spaces must be heated. This figure shows a somewhat more
developed the position of the cooling coil in the air stream and the addition of the preheating and reheating coils, supplied with steam from a
steam boiler. Automatic controls start the steam flow or, by dampers, place the heating coil in the air stream. The reheat coil is available to
raise the air temperature if required without increasing the absolute humidity.

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