ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Overview:
• Electricity
• Units of Electricity
• Electric Current
• Comparison of AC & DC
Electricity
• The Ohms Law
• Series & Parallel Circuit
• Volt Transformation
• Power & Energy
• Voltage & Voltage Drop

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 a form of energy generated by
friction, induction or chemical
change, having magnetic,
chemical and radiant effect.
Definition of
ELECTRICITY
the motion of free electrons
through a solid conductor.

ELECTRICITY

Invisible force that provides

light, heat, sound, motion . . .

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 Electricity at the Atomic Level
Elements - The simplest form of matter

Atoms - Smallest piece of an element containing all of

the properties of that element

Electricity at the Atomic Level

Components of an Atom
Nucleus
The center portion of
an atom containing the
protons and neutrons
Protons
Positively charged
atomic particles
Neutrons
Uncharged atomic
particles

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 Electricity at the Atomic Level
Atomic Number
The atomic number is
equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus
of an atom.

The atomic number

identifies the element.

How many
protons are in
this nucleus?

Electricity at the Atomic Level

Electrons
Negatively charged
particles

Electron Orbitals
Orbits in which
electrons move around 2D
3D
the nucleus of an atom

Valence Electrons
The outermost ring of
electrons in an atom

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 Electricity is a form of energy generated by
friction, induction or chemical change, having
magnetic, chemical and radiant effect.

In short, Electricity is …

Electrons in motion.
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UNITS OF ELECTRICITY

UNIT OF QUANTITY UNIT OF RESISTANCE

COULOMB – a coulomb of electricity

comprises approximately 6.25 x 10^18
electrons.
AMPERE – An ampere of current
represents a rate of flow of one
coulomb or 6.25 x 10^18
electrons/second through a given
cross section.
UNIT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
VOLT or VOLTAGE – is the
electromotive force or potential
difference between two points in an
electric field which will move a
charge of one coulomb between
these points.
OHM – The resistance which will
allow one ampere of current to flow
when one volt is impressed upon it.
UNIT OF ELECTRIC POWER
WATT – is the rate or measure
of power used or consumed.
- the unit of electric
power or the rate of doing
electrical work.
UNIT OF ENERGY
WATT-HOURS – the unit of
energy or the capacity for doing
work.

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 Electric Current is the flow or rate of
flow of electric force in a conductor.

Electric
Current
A Current will only flow if a circuit is formed
comprising a complete loop and contains all the
following required components.
A means of
Source of A closed loop An electric opening and
Voltage of wiring load closing the
circuit

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STORAGE BATTERIES

• are used to supply emergency

lighting circuits for hallways,
stairways, exits and to energize
police and fire alarm systems
and certain types of signal
systems.

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 STORAGE BATTERIES
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WET CELL – DRY CELL BATTERIES
Wet cell batteries contain a liquid
electrolyte solution which consist of
sulphuric acid and water. Also kwon as
Vented/flooded acid batteries.
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Cutaway drawing showing the
construction of a dry cell. A dry cell,
when fresh, generates an EMF of 1.5
volts. The practical usage of a dry cell is
for flashlights, smoke and fire alarm and
detectors.
Wet cell will produce 2.1 volts each and 6 cells
connected in series (+ - ) allows them to produce
the 12.6 – (12) volts used by the automobile.
The main concern for wet cell batteries in all
application is leaking sulfuric acid, as it is a
dangerous corrosive that can damage what it
contacts and can burn human tissues.
Dry cell batteries will only produce 1.5 volts per
cell and can be connected in series (to produced
more voltage). Dry cell batteries, which the
electrolytes are in form of moist paste. They also
refer to electrical batteries, which the
electrochemical cells convert stored chemical
energy into electrical energy.
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 GENERATORS

 for generating electric current

• Alternating Current Generators or

Alternators – The bulk of electrical energy
utilized today is in the form of alternating
current, including energy for power and
lighting.

• Direct Current Generators – These

furnish electrical energy for elevators,
escalators, intercommunicating telephone
systems, control of signal systems, and
clock systems.

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PHOTO CELL

• PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL, Generate

its own EMF when exposed to
light and thus convert light
directly into Electric Current,
because of its simplicity and
relative accuracy, photovoltaic
cells are extensively used in
photographic exposure meters,
in a variety of control
applications ( Automatic Door
Closers, plumbing controls,
security sensors ) and for
counting and sorting objects.
.

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 Construction and operation of a photovoltaic cell or
photoelectric cell solar cell, a type of photoelectric cell, is used
as the principal source of EMF for some circuits that are solar
powered.

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OTHER DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES

MOTORS – for converting
electrical energy to mechanical
energy.

TRANSFORMERS – for
converting one voltage to
another, from lower to higher
or from higher to lower

RECTIFIER– is an ROTARY CONVERTERS –

electrical device that for changing alternating
converts alternating current to direct current and
current, which vice versa.
periodically reverses - is a type of electrical
direction, to direct machine which acts as a
current, which flows in mechanical rectifier, inverter or
only one direction. The frequency converter.
process is known as
rectification, since it
"straightens" the
direction of current.

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 TYPES OF CURRENT

ALTERNATING CURRENT – a DIRECT CURRENT – a current

current which is periodically which flows at a constant time rate
varying in time rate and in and in the same direction.
direction. It rises from zero to
maximum, falls to zero, reverses
its direction and again returns to
zero.

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21

Hertz
• The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in
the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as cycles
per one second.
• It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to
provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic
waves.
• Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples: kilohertz (103 Hz,
kHz), megahertz (106 Hz, MHz), gigahertz (109 Hz, GHz),
terahertz (1012 Hz, THz), petahertz (1015 Hz, PHz), exahertz
(1018 Hz, EHz), and zettahertz (1021 Hz, ZHz).

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Advantages of Alternating Current:

•Universally accepted
•Unlimited number of application
•Easily produced
•Cheaper to maintain
•Could be transfer into higher voltage
•For distribution to far distances with low voltage
drop
•More efficient compared with direct current
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 Maria Cristina Falls

• the primary source of electric

power for the city's industries,
being harnessed by the Agus
VI Hydroelectric Plant.

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 Electrical Circuit
A system of conductors and components forming a
complete path for current to travel

Properties of an electrical circuit include

Voltage Volts V
Current Amps A
Resistance Ohms Ω

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Current
The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off,

is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
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 Current in a Circuit

off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.

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Current Flow
Conventional Current assumes that
current flows out of the positive side
of the battery, through the circuit, and
back to the negative side of the Conventional
battery. This was the convention Current
established when electricity was first
discovered, but it is incorrect!
Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out of the
negative side of the battery, through
the circuit, and back to the positive Electron
side of the battery. Flow

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 Engineering vs. Science
The direction that the current flows does not affect what the current
is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which convention is
used as long as you are consistent.
Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In general,
the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the engineering
disciplines use Conventional Current.
Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional Current
.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

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Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.

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 Voltage in a Circuit

off on

The battery provides voltage that will push

current through the bulb when the switch is on.

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Voltage, Frequency and
Plug/Outlet Type
in Philippines
Electricity
in Philippines is 220
Volts, alternating at
60 cycles per
second.
If you travel
to Philippines with a
device that does not
accept 220 Volts at
60 Hertz, you will
need
a voltage converter.

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 Resistance
The opposition of current flow
- measured in Ohms (Ω)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

What happens to the flow (current) if a rock

gets lodged in the pipe?
Flow (current) decreases.

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Resistance (R)
• In hydraulic system, the flow of fluid is impeded or resisted by
friction between the wall of the pipe, fittings and other turns
and offsets.
• In the same manner, the flow of current in a circuit (electrical
wiring installation) is also impeded or resisted by the wire,
transformer and other devices.
• Impedance is the electrical form of friction in AC electricity.
• In a DC circuit, the Impedance is called Resistance.
• Both are expressed in Ohms.

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 Resistance in a Circuit

off on

Resistors are components that create resistance.

Reducing current causes the bulb to become
dimmer.

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Composition of the Conductor

Factors that Length of Wire

Influences
Conductor
Cross Sectional Area of Wire
Resistance:

Temperature

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 Ohm’s Law
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the
voltage applied to it and is inversely proportional to the
resistor’s value
The mathematical relationship between current, voltage,
and resistance

If you know 2 of the 3 quantities, you can solve for the third.
Quantities Abbreviations Units Symbols
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohms Ω

V=IR I=V/R R=V/I

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Ohm’s Law Chart

Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for V
V
I xR
V=IR

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 Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for I
V
I=V/R
I R

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Ohm’s Law Chart

Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for R
V
R=V/I
I R

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 Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6-volt battery
and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 .
When the flashlight is on, how much
current will be drawn from the battery?
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR    0.04 A  40 mA
R 150 

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Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to
the amount of current and voltage
within a system.

P  I V
Power is measured in watts

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 OHM’S LAW
FORMULA
WHEEL

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ELECTRIC LOAD CONTROL

– is the effective utilization of available
energy by reducing peak loads and
lowering demand charge. The control
devices and systems are referred to as
load shedding control, peak demand
control, peak load regulation, and power
use control.
LOAD SCHEDULING AND DUTY-
CYCLE CONTROL – the installation’s
electric loads are analyzed and scheduled
to restrict demand by shifting large loads
to off-peak hours and controlled to avoid
coincident operation.

DEMAND METERING ALARM – in

conjunction with a duty cycle controller,
demand is continuously metered, and
an alarm is set on when a predetermined
demand level is exceeded.

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 AUTOMATIC INSTANTANEOUS
DEMAND CONTROL – also called “rate
control”, it is an automated version of the
demand metering alarm system, where it
automatically disconnects or reconnects loads
as required.

IDEALCURVE CONTROL – This controller

operates by comparing the actual rate of
energy usage to the ideal rate, and controls
KW demand by controlling the total energy
used within a metering interval.

FORECASTING SYSTEMS – are

computerized systems which continuously
forecast the amount of energy remaining in
the demand interval, then examine the status
and priority of each of the connected loads
and decide on the proper course of action.

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MEASURING ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

CURRENT
LEADS

POWER
LOAD
KWH METERS – To
SOURCE
WM measure energy, the factor
WATTMETER
VOLTAGE
LEADS of time is introduced, such
that; energy = power x time.

AC electric meters are

basically small motors,
whose speed is proportional
to the power being used.
The number of rotations is
counted on the dials which
are calibrated directly in
kilowatt-hours.

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 BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
BRANCH CIRCUITS
An electrical circuit may be defined as a
complete conducting path carrying current
from a source of electricity to and through
some electrical device or load and back to the
source.
The two-wire circuit, which is the most
elementary of all wiring systems, consists of a
live wire carrying the current to the various
power consuming devices in the circuit and a
neutral or grounded wire which is the return
wire carrying the circuit back to the source of
supply.
SERIES CIRCUIT

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

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R1 R2
10 amp 10 amp

SERIES CIRCUIT – is one in which the

R3
components are connected in tandem. All
ELEC
SOURCE separate loads of the circuit carry the
same equal current and the total
10 amp
R5 R4
10 amp resistance, R, is the sum of the
CIRCUIT IN SERIES resistances around the circuit.
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5

PARALLEL CIRCUIT (or Multiple

3 amp Circuit) – is one in which the
+
1 amp 1 amp 1 amp components or loads are so arranged
that the current divides between them.
ELECTRICAL R1 R2 R3
SOURCE Each outlet has a live wire connected to
the current carrying wire of the circuit
CIRCUIT IN PARALLEL
and also a neutral wire or grounded wire
connected to the return wire of the
1
R= circuit. With this system, the total current
1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 flowing through the circuit is the sum of
the current flowing through each outlet.

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 Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are • Both ends of the
connected end-to-end. components are connected.
• There is only a single • There are multiple paths for
path for current to flow. current to flow.

Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)

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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all the voltage drops in a series
circuit equals the total applied voltage

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

The total current in a parallel circuit equals
the sum of the individual branch currents

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 Series Circuits
A circuit that contains only one path for current flow
If the path is open anywhere in the circuit, current
stops flowing to all components.

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Series Circuits
Characteristics of a series circuit
• The current flowing through every series component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances
(i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
• The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) is equal to the
total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

VR1
IT + -

+ +
VT VR2
- -

- +
RT
VR3

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 Example: Series Circuit
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- +
RT
VR3

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Example: Series Circuit

Solution:
Total Resistance:
R T  R1  R2  R3
RT  220   470   1.2 k
R T  1900   1.9 k

Current Through Each Component:

VT V
IT  (Ohm's Law)
RT
I R
12 v
IT   6.3 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit:

IT  IR1  IR2  IR3  6.3 mAmp
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 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:
VR1  IR1  R1  (Ohm's Law)
VR1  6.349 mA  220 Ω  1.397 volts

VR2  IR2  R2 (Ohm's Law) V

VR2  6.349 mA  470 Ω  2.984 volts I R

VR3  IR3  R3 (Ohm's Law)

VR3  6.349 mA  1.2 K Ω  7.619 volts

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Example: Series Circuit

Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

VT  VR1  VR2  VR3

12 v  1.397 v  2.984 v  7.619 v
12 v  12 v

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 Parallel Circuits
A circuit that contains more than one path for current
flow

If a component is removed, then it is possible

for the current to take another path to reach
other components.

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Parallel Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
• The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocal: 1 1 1 1 1
   RT 
RT R1 R2 R3 1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
• The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal
to the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

RT

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 Example Parallel Circuits
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

IR1 IR2 IR3

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

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RT

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Example Parallel Circuits

Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
R1 R2 R3
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
470  2.2 k 3.3 k

RT  346.59 = 350 
Voltage Across Each Component:
Since this is a parallel circuit :
VT  VR1  VR2  VR3  15 volts
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 Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1  (Ohm's Law)
R1

VR1 15 v
IR1    31.915 mA=32 mA
R1 470 

VR2 15 v
IR2    6.818 mA = 6.8 mA
R2 2.2 k 

VR3 V
15 v
IR3    4.545 mA= 4.5mA
R3 3.3 k 
I R

VT 15 v
IT    43.278 mA = 43 mA
RT 346.59 

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Example Parallel Circuits

Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

IT  IR1  IR2  IR3

43.278 mA=31.915 mA+6.818 mA+4.545 mA

43.278 mA (43 mA)  43.278 mA (43mA)

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 POWER & ENERGY
• POWER is the technical term for the common word work, and
Work is the product of Power and Time.

ENERGY or WORK = POWER x TIME

• Power is the rate at which energy is used.

• Energy is synonymous with Fuel. (expressed in BTU)

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OHM’S LAW
FORMULA
WHEEL

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 Voltage Drop

• In Series Circuit, Current is

the same all throughout but
Voltage differs. … the sum of the voltage drop around a
circuit is equal to the supply voltage.
• In Parallel Circuit, Voltage is
the same, but Current differs.
… all current loads are cumulatively added.

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Voltage Drop

• In Parallel Circuit, Voltage Drop:

VOLTAGE DROP IN WIRE = CARRIED CURRENT x RESISTANCE OF WIRE

Thus,
POWER LOSS = VOLTAGE x CURRENT

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 Voltage Drop
Example No. 1:
Consider 3600 WATTS appliance
For 120v current supply: For 240v current supply:
Current drawn = 3600 watts Current drawn = 3600 watts
120 volts 240 volts
= 30 amperes = 15 amperes

“ Therefore, bigger wire is required on a 120volts

than on a 240 volts current supply “

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Voltage Drop
Example No. 2:
5kw electric motor irrigation pump to be connected from the electric cooperative. If the
resistance of the circuit line is 0.42ohms, 120 volts or 240 volts?
120 volts 240 volts Advantages of 240v over
Current drawn = 41.66 A = 20.83 A 120v current supply:
Minimum wire size 1. Smaller wire is
required to carry the
No. 8 AWG No. 12 AWG required which
current without
overheating means, lower in cost.
Relative Cost of the No. 8 2. Less power loss.
and No. 12 wire in the 2.2 1.0
comparative ratio 3. Smaller percentage of
Voltage Drop 41.66 x .42 20.83 x .42 voltage drop.
= 17.50v =8.75v
=14.60% =3.60%

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 Voltage Drop
Wire Size and Ampere Capacity
Wire Size No. AWG Amperes
14 15
12 20
10 30 “Size of conductor wire is
8 40 relatively proportional with the
6 55 amount of load”
4 70
2 95
0 125
00 145
000 165

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Voltage Drop
Load limit in watts
Circuit Assembly in Load Limit in
Amperes Watts “Capacity of the circuitry
15 18000 increases as wire decreases”.
20 2400
30 3600

Note:
(1) Applicable only to copper wire, solid or stranded type.
(2) Aluminum wires is not recommended for circuitry or
house wiring.

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