A RC H 1 3

ELECTRICAL,
7
ELECTRONICS AND
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
 CHAPTER 1

BASIC ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS

MODULE 01 MODULE 02 MODULE 03

Introduction to Units of Electricity Types of Current

Electricity

MODULE 04 MODULE 05 MODULE 06

The Ohm’s Law Sources of Electricity Electric Load Control

MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICITY
In this chapter, we shall discuss
the fundamental concepts of
electricity: its definitions, history,
properties, sources, as well as
its control and regulation.
II. INTENDED
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the chapter, students should be
able to:

1. Differentiate the various units of

electricity in a clear and concise manner
2. Reiterate the essence of the Ohm’s law;
and
3. Assess the advantages and
disadvantages of each source of electricity.
III. STUDY STRUCTURE
STUDY TOPIC LEARNING LEARNING ASSESSMENT
PERIOD ACTIVITIES RESOURCES
Module 01 Learning Activity Chapter Quiz 01
Introduction to Electricity 1.1
Definition of Electricity; History of Electricity; Classes of electricity
Module 02 Learning Activity Chapter Quiz 01
Units of Electricity 1.2
Unit of quantity; Unit of current; Unit of potential ; Unit of resistance;
Unit of electrical power, Unit of energy
Module 03 Learning Activity Chapter Plate 01
Types of Current 1.3 Chapter Quiz 01
Direct Current (DC); Alternating Current (AC)
The Ohm’s Law Learning Activity Chapter Quiz 01
Background; History; Applications 1.4
Module 05 Learning Activity Chapter Plate 01
Sources of Electricity 1.5 Chapter Quiz 01
Natural Sources; Battery, Generator; Other dynamo-electric machines
Module 06 Learning Activity Chapter Quiz 01
Electric Load Control 1.6
Load Scheduling and duty-cycle control; Demand metering alarm
Automatic instantaneous demand control; Ideal curve control
Forecasting systems
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
ELECTRICITY IS THE INTERACTION OF ELECTRIC
CHARGES.

Electric charges are a fundamental property of

protons and electrons, which make up
every atom.

Positive and negative charges are

the two types of electric charges.
Protons possess a positive
charge, whereas electrons carry a
negative charge.
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTICITY
ELECTRICITY ENERGY
Is a form of energy
resulting from the flow
of electric charge.

Energy is the ability to

do work or apply
force to move an
object
 HISTORY OF ELECTRICTY
600 B.C. Ancient Greeks found that pieces of
amber rubbed with silk could pick up straw.
This can be attributed as the unknowing
discovery of electricity.

1600. Sir William Gilbert, known as the ‘Father

of Electricity’, created the world’s first
electroscope to detect electric charges. He
coined the Latin word electricus, meaning
‘amber’, which later became the English word
electricity.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICTY
1752. Benjamin Franklin conducted his famous
kite experiment which proved that
lightning, once a mystical occurrence, is
a form of high voltage electricity
1800. Alessandro Volta invented the first 1831. Michael Faraday
battery. The unit of electrical force, the discovered the basic
volt is named after him. principles of electricity
generation.
Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction He observed that he
Electromagnets are used in electric motors,
loudspeakers, television sets, doorbells, trains,
could create or ‘induce’
and many other devices. The majority of the electric current by
electricity supplied to homes is generated using moving magnets inside
electromagnetic induction coils of copper wire.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICTY
1879. Thomas Edison, a famous American
inventor, succeeded in inventing the first
light bulb.

1882. Thomas Edison opened the US First

central power plant in lower Manhattan –
the Pearl Street Station.
 HISTORY OF ELECTRICTY

1882. It was the same year when Nikola Tesla, who developed AC
generation and transmission, first came up with the idea for a
brushless AC motor while on a walk.
 HISTORY OF ELECTRICTY

1886. Westinghouse was the first to

implement the use of step up
and step-down transformers
in the transmission of
electricity along its AC lines.
 Classes of
Electricity
There are two (2) classes of electricity:

1. Static Electricity (Electrostatic)

This refers to the result of an accumulation of
electric charges that occurs when two non-
metallic objects rub against each other.

2. Dynamic Electricity (Electrodynamic)

This refers to the flow of electric charges
through a conductor.
All our power cables and electric lines exhibit
dynamic electricity
 STATIC
ELECTRICITY
THE BUILD UP OF ELECTRIC CHARGES ON AN OBJECT

When you rub a balloon against your hair, electrons from

the atoms that make up your hair transfer to the balloon,
which makes your hair positively charged due to electron
loss. The balloon becomes negatively charged due to
electron gain. When you hold the balloon several
centimeters from your head, your hair stands up due to
the attraction between the two opposite charges.
 Learning Activity 1.1
1. In your own understanding, relate
how you think electricity and electrical
concepts affect architecture and
design in general.
2. State further examples of dynamic
and static electricity, emphasizing its
differences.

In a whole yellow paper, write your name, date, subject, learning activity number and
date of submission on the upper left corner of the first page of your output. In case of
multiple pages, kindly staple together your output. Learning activities shall be collected
NEXT MEETING.
MODULE 2
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY

In the discussion of electricity and

electrical concepts, we always
have to deal with quantifying
all factors that come into play. In
doing so, we are bound to know
the following units:
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
1) UNIT OF QUANTITY
Coulomb – the SI unit of electric charge, equal to the
quantity of electricity transferred across a conductor by
a current of one ampere in one second.

a coulomb of electricity comprises approximately 6.25 x

10 electrons
LAW OF LIKE CHARGES REPEL

ELECTRIC
CHARGES
THE ELECTRIC FORCE IS THE ATTRACTION OR
REPULSION BETWEEN CHARGED OBJECTS. UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT

COULOMB'S LAW
The size of charges and the distance between them
are both key factors in determining the strength of
the electric force between charged objects.
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
2) UNIT OF CURRENT
Current – the rate of flow of electric charge in a circuit per unit time, measured in ampere

Ampere (Amp, Amps or A) – the basic SI unit of

electric current, equivalent to a flow of one coulomb per
second or to the steady current produced by one volt applied
across a resistance of one ohm.

An ampere current represents a rate of flow of one coulomb

through a given cross section.

named after Andre M. Ampere

UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
3) UNIT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Voltage – is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting loop - analogous to pressure in water flow.

Volt (V) – The SI unit of potential difference and

electromotive force, defined as the difference of electric
potential between two points of a conductor carrying a
constant current of one ampere, when the power dissipated
between the points is equal to one watt.

named after Alessandro Volta

UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
4) UNIT OF RESISTANCE

Ohm (R)– The resistance which will allow one ampere of

current to flow when one volt is impressed upon it.

The SI unit of electrical resistance, equal to the resistance of

a conductor in which a potential difference of one volt
produces a current of one ampere
CONDUCTORS Examples of Insulators:
• Rubber • Air

& INSULATORS • Glass

• Plastic
• Wood
• Paper

Conductors are materials that allow an

electric current to flow through them easily,
while insulators are materials that resist the
flow of electric current.
Examples of Conductors:

• Metals such as copper, aluminum, silver, and gold

• Water (when it contains dissolved salts or other
charged particles)
• Graphite (found in pencils)
• Human body (can conduct small amounts of electric
current)
 Ohm's Law describes the relationship between
electric current and voltage in a conductor, stating
that the amount of electric current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the voltage that
is causing the current to flow.

• I is the current (measured in

amperes)
• V is the voltage (measured in

V
volts)
• R is the resistance of the
conductor (measured in ohms)
I R
Divide V by R to find the current.
OHM'S LAW Divide V by I to find resistance.
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
5) UNIT OF ELECTRIC POWER
Power – the product of potential difference and current in a direct-current circuit (W=V*A). In
an alternating circuit, power is equal to the product of the effective voltage, the effective
current, and the cosine of the phase angle between current and voltage.

Watt (W) – The SI Unit of power, equal to one joule per

second or to the power represented by a current of one
ampere flowing across a potential difference of one volt.

named after James Watt, a Scottish inventor.

W = IR
Power Current x Resistance
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
6) UNIT OF ENERGY
Kilowatt-hour – A unit of energy, equal to the energy
transferred or expended by one kilowatt in one
hour; a common unit of electric power consumption. Abbr.:
kWh
 ❑That pressure can be directly compared to
For better understanding electricity’s unit of electrical potential, or volt.
❑That certain pressure exerted by water
means that there will be only be a specified
flow of water that will be released at any
given time, which we can express in terms of
liters per second. We can compare it to the
unit of current or ampere.
❑From this, we can deduce that the water flow
and pressure is limited by the diameter/size
of the hose. It serves as our limiting factor.
We cannot deliver flow and pressure greater
Imagine that you are watering your plants than what the existing water hose can
in the garden through a water hose . . . accommodate. This is similar to the concept
❑The amount of water that you have used to water of the unit of resistance, ohm.
the plants, which can be expressed in liters, can be ❑ Finally, all of the water that you have used
likened to the unit of quantity, coulomb. to water the plants will be recorded at the
❑Since water is running through a water hose, it will water meter and used for the computation of
be spraying into the plants at a certain pressure, the water service bill. This is similar to the
commonly expressed in pounds per square inch use of the unit of energy, kilowatt-hour, to
(imperial) or bars (metric). compute for our power bills.
 Learning Activity 1.2
In an A4 size bond paper(s), make your
own diagram showing the interrelationship
of the different units used in electrical
systems. Be as creative as you can. As
an example, you can use Venn diagrams,
graphs and charts to show how each unit
relate to one another. Rendering of
outputs is encouraged, but not required

Write your name, date, subject, learning activity number and date of
submission on the upper left corner of the first page of your output. In
case of multiple pages, kindly staple together your output. Learning
activities shall be collected NEXT MEETING.
MODULE 3
TYPES OF CURRENT
CURRENT ELECTRICITY IS A
CONTINUOUS FLOW OF ELECTRIC
CHARGE
 ELECTRIC CURRENT
2 TYPES OF CURRENT

A. DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

A type of electric current where the charges flow in one
direction only. Batteries are an example of a direct
current source.

B. ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

A type of electric current that flows in one direction,
then the reverse direction, repeatedly. The electric
current supplied by power companies to homes is an
example of AC.
PARTS OF A CIRCUIT ELECTRIC
• Energy source: An electric field created by a
battery's positively and negatively charged
terminals attracts and repels charges,
CIRCUITS
providing the push to keep them moving through
a closed circuit.
LOAD
• Load: A component in a circuit that consumes
electrical energy to perform a function, such as ENERGY SOURCE
generating light or motion, and resists the flow
of electric current, causing a voltage drop.

• Wires: A low-resistance conductor that carries

current in a circuit, connecting components. WIRES
Material and thickness are selected based on
distance, current, and voltage for efficient and
safe operation.

• Switch: A switch controls a circuit by connecting

or disconnecting two metal pieces. When the SWITCH
pieces touch, the circuit closes; when they
separate, the circuit opens.
TYPES OF

SERIES
CIRCUITS
CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH A CLOSED CIRCUIT, A
LOOP WITH NO BREAKS, BUT AN OPEN CIRCUIT HAS
A BREAK AND STOPS THE CURRENT FLOW.

There are several options for connecting multiple loads in a

P A R A L L EL
circuit. Here are the two of the most common approaches:

• Series circuit: This involves connecting the loads in a line

or series, allowing the current to flow from one load to
the next in a single path.
• Parallel circuit: Here, the loads divide the current amount
of the different devices, creating a parallel connection.
A. DIRECT CURRENT

Direct current (DC) is defined as a type of current

which flows at a constant rate and in the same direction.
Electrons in direct current travel only ‘forward’.

Most electronics appliances like computers, laptops,

printers, cellphones, and electronic musical instruments.
B. ALTERNATING CURRENT

alternating current can be

‘stepped’ up or down in
strength (voltage) along
its transmission through
the use of
transformers.

Alternating current (AC), can be best

described as a type of electric current that
reverses its flow at regular time intervals.
 ELECTRIC CURRENT
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) DIRECT CURRECT (DC)
Safe to transfer over longer city
AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT CAN BE DC voltage cannot travel far until it
CARRIED
distances and can provide more
begins to lose energy
power
CAUSE OF THE DIRECTION OF FLOW OF
ELECTRONS
Rotating magnet along the wire Steady magnetism along the wire
50hz, 60hz (varies per
FREQUENCY Zero
region/country)
DIRECTION Alternating One direction only
CURRENT Varying Constant
Forward
FLOW OF ELECTRONS Forward and backward (arbitrary)

Sinusoidal, trapezoidal,
TYPES Pure, pulsating
triangular, square
AC generators, convenience
SOURCES, GENERATORS Batteries/cell
outlets
 AC TO DC, DC TO AC
INVERTER
An inverter is a device which converts
direct current (DC) to alternating
current (AC).
modern electronic inverters uses electric
components such as inductors and capacitors to
make the output current rise and fall more gradually
than the abrupt, on/off switching of square-wave
output you get with a basic inverter.
RECTIFIER
An inverter is a device which converts
alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC).
For better understanding, think of the AC sine wave being
‘rectified’ into the closest approximation of the output
of DC, which is a straight line on a graph. This process is
known as rectification, since it straightens the direction of
current.
Learning Activity 1.3
In an A4 size bond paper(s), illustrate and
enumerate the basic parts of an Inverter, as
well as of a Rectifier. Rendering of output is
encouraged, but not required.

Write your name, date, subject, learning activity number and date of submission on the
upper left corner of the first page of your output. In case of multiple pages, kindly
staple together your output. Learning activities shall be collected NEXT MEETING.