EE 419

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

 Introduction

Electricity plays an important role in our day-to-day life, and hence, we should be aware
of the various functions that electricity can perform.Nowadays, all our basic needs are
completely dependent upon electricity. The study of electrical engineering involves the
analysis of the energy transfer from one form to another. So before beginning the actual study
of an electrical engineering, it is necessary to discuss the fundamental ideas about the basic
elements of an electrical engineering.
In this module, you will study about the basic electrical engineering principles, concepts,
laws and theories which enables you to understand the various applications of electricity in the
future.
LEARNING
3
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the basic electrical engineering principle, concepts, laws and theorems.
2. Distinguish the general aspects of direct current system.
3. Define Ohm’s Law and apply mathematical formulas in solving basic electrical
problems.
4. Determine the temperature-resistance effect.
5. Understand electrical circuits and apply the power, current, resistance and voltage
equations.
 ELECTRICITY
The invisible energy that constitutes the flow of electrons in a closed circuit to do work is called

‘electricity’.It is a form of energy that can be easily converted to any other form. Previously, it was thought that

electricity is a matter which flows through the circuit to do work. However, now it has been established that electricity

constitutes the flow of electrons in the circuit, and in this process, a

work is done. It is form of energy. The Greatest discoveries of man that come from the Greek word “electron” which

means amber. Electricity is all about electrons, which are the fundamental cause of electricity.
 Two Main Types of Electricity
Static Electricity - involves electrons that are moved from one place to another,
usually by rubbing or brushing. Static Electricity is nothing but the contact between
equal amount of protons and electrons (positively and negatively charged subatomic
particles). In order to make this friction work the particles are supposed to be of
opposite nature (+,-). If two same-kind particles i.e. positive-positive or negative-
negative, it would then be called as a ‘Non-friction.
Current Electricity - involves the flow of electrons in a conductor. Current Electricity
is a flow of electric charge across an electrical field. This current is lead through a
conductor. The conductors are generally of two types, Good and Bad conductors. Good
conductors are the ones which let the electric charge flow through them (Copper wires)
and the bad conductors are the ones which resists the electric charge (Wood). The
constant flow of electric charge causes the conductor to heat up very often.
EXAMPLE OF STATIC ELECTRICITY
THE SHOCKING HISTORY OF
ELECTRICITY
• Around 600 BC Greeks found that by rubbing a hard fossilized resin (Amber) against
a fur cloth, it would attract particles of straw. This strange effect remained a mystery
for over 2000 years.

Two Thousand Years Later

• Around 1600, William Gilbert, a physician who lived in London at the time of Queen
Elizabeth I and Shakespeare, studied magnetic phenomena and demonstrated that the
Earth itself was a huge magnet, by means of his "terrella" experiment. He also studied
the attraction produced when materials were rubbed, and named it the "electric"
attraction. From that came the word "electricity" and all others derived from it.
WILLIAM GILBERT
 Father of electricity

 The word “electricity” was coined by Gilbert, who based it on the

Greek word for amber.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
In 1752, Franklin proved that lightning and the spark from amber were
one and the same thing. This story is a familiar one, in which Franklin
fastened an iron spike to a silken kite, which he flew during a thunderstorm,
while holding the end of the kite string by an iron key. When lightning
flashed, a tiny spark jumped from the key to his wrist. The experiment proved
Franklin's theory, but was extremely dangerous - he could easily have been
killed.
GALVANI AND VOLTA
• In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian professor of medicine, found that when the leg of a dead frog
was touched by a metal knife, the leg twitched violently. Galvani thought that the muscles of the
frog must contain electricity.

• By 1792, another Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta, disagreed: he realized that the main factors in
Galvani's discovery were the two different metals - the steel knife and the tin plate - upon which
the frog was lying. Volta showed that when moisture comes between two different metals,
electricity is created.

• This led him to invent the first electric battery, the voltaic pile, which he made from thin sheets of
copper and zinc separated by moist pasteboard.

• In this way, a new kind of electricity was discovered, electricity that flowed steadily like a current
of water instead of discharging itself in a single spark or shock.

• Volta showed that electricity could be made to travel from one place to another by wire, thereby
making an important contribution to the science of electricity. The unit of electrical potential, the
Volt, is named after him.

•  
MICHAEL FARADAY
• The credit for generating electric current on a practical scale goes to the famous English
scientist, Michael Faraday. Faraday was greatly interested in the invention of the
electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took earlier experiments still further. If electricity could
produce magnetism, why couldn't magnetism produce electricity?

• In 1831, Faraday found the solution. Electricity could be produced through magnetism by
motion. He discovered that when a magnet was moved inside a coil of copper wire, a tiny
electric current flows through the wire. Of course, by today's standards, Faraday's electric
generator was crude (and provided only a small electric current), but he had discovered the
first method of generating electricity by means of motion in a magnetic field.

• Faraday also realized that the electric force is transmitted by an electric

field.
JAMES WATT

• When Edison's generator was coupled with Watt's steam engine, large scale
electricity generation became a practical proposition. James Watt, the
Scottish inventor of the steam condensing engine, was born in 1736. His
improvements to steam engines were patented over a period of 15 years,
starting in 1769 and his name was given to the electric unit of power, the
Watt.
ANDRE MARIE AMPERE

•  Andre Marie Ampere, a French mathematician who

devoted himself to the study of electricity and magnetism,
was the first to explain the electro-dynamic theory. A
permanent memorial to Ampere is the use of his name for
the unit of electric current.
GEORGE OHM

• George Simon Ohm, a German mathematician and physicist, was

a college teacher in Cologne when in 1827 he published, "The
Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically". His theories were
coldly received by German scientists, but his research was
recognized in Britain and he was awarded the Copley Medal in
1841. His name has been given to the unit of electrical resistance.
HOW IS ELECTRICITY PRODUCED?
A. Electricity Produced from Frictional Energy (Static Electricity)
• Frictional Electricity is the least important of all methods for the
production of electricity. It can be produced by rubbing certain
dissimilar materials together. One application of static electricity is in a
device used in atomic research called Van de Graaff generator .
B. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM
PRESSURE

• Electricity produced from pressure is called piezoelectricity, which is produced by

certain crystalline materials such as quartz and barium titanate.
• If a crystal made of this material is placed between two metal plates and pressure is
exerted on the plates, an electric charge will be develop but the amount of charge
will depend on the amount of pressure exerted.
C. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM HEAT

• The amount of charge produced depends on the difference in

temperature between junction and the opposite ends of two wires.
A greater temperature difference results in a greater charge.
Electricity is produced by heating the junction of a thermocouple.
D. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM
CHEMICAL REACTION

• Electric cells are electricity produced by

chemical reactions.
E. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM LIGHT

• The electricity is produced by light striking

photosensitive materials. These materials release
electrons when excited by light under the right
conditions. These releases of electrons are called
photoelectric effect.
F. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM
MAGNETISM
Electricity produced by relative movement of a magnet
and a wire that result in the cutting of lines of force. The
amount of electricity produced will depend on:

a. the number of turns in coil

b. the speed with which relative motions of the

coil and the magnet take place

c. the strength of the magnet

QUICK REVIEW OF THE ATOM
 Matter is made up of atoms

 Atoms are made of nucleons (called protons and neutrons) and electrons

 Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, electrons have a negative charge

 The charges of protons and electrons are equal and opposite

ATOMS ARE EVERYWHERE

 Electrons move in and out of fixed pathways around the nucleus
 Changing the number of electrons in a particular type of atom creates an ion of that
atom
•On the Move
Electrons in the outer rings or shells of atoms are bound more loosely to the nucleus
Such electrons tend to break free from the nucleus and wander around amongst other nearby atoms
Such electrons are called free electrons
MATTER
▪ Anything that occupy space and has weight
ELEMENT
▪ A substance that cannot be decomposed any farther by chemical reaction
ATOM
▪ Smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still keeping the chemical properties of the
element. It is the smallest building block of matter.
COMPOUND
▪ A combination of two or more elements.
MOLECULE
▪ It is the smallest particle that a compound can be reduced to before it breaks down to its elements.
ELECTRONS their mass is slightly greater, 1.675 x 10-27 kg

▪ Negatively charged particles that revolve around NUCLEUS

the nucleus of an atom. Electron is one of the
lightest particles with a known mass. The central part of the atom where the protons and
neutrons are located.
▪ The mass of electron is about 9.11 x 10 kg.
-31
ATOMIC NUMBER
PROTONS
 Represents the number of electrons or protons of
▪ Positively charged particles that stays in the an atom.
nucleus of an atom.
ATOMIC MASS
▪ Proton is very small, but it is fairly massive
compared to the other particles that make up
▪ Represents the sum of protons and neutrons of an
atom.
matter. The mass of one proton is 1.675 x 10-27 kg.
VALENCE ELECTRONS
NEUTRONS
▪ Particles having no charge. ▪ Electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of
an atom.
▪ Neutrons are about the same size as protons but
CONDUCTORS
 In conductors, electric charges are free to move through the material. In
insulators, they are not.

 In conductors:
The charge carriers are called free electrons
Only negative charges are free to move
When isolated atoms are combined to form a metal, outer electrons of
the atoms do not remain attached to individual atoms but become free to
move throughout the volume of the material
Other Types of Conductors
 Electrolytes
Both negative and positive charges can move.
 Semiconductors
In-between conductors and insulators in their ability to conduct
electricity

Conductivity can be greatly enhanced by adding small amounts of other

elements

Requires quantum physics to truly understand how they work.

INSULATORS
• Insulators on the other hand are the exact opposite of conductors. They are made of
materials, generally non- metals, that have very few or no “free electrons” float about
within their basic atom structure because the electrons in the outer valence shell are
strongly attached by the positively charge inner nucleus. So if a potential voltage is
applied to the material no current will flow as there are no electrons to move which gives
these materials their insulating properties.
• Examples of good insulators are marble, p.v.c plastics, rubber, glass ,oil, asphalt,
fiberglass, porcelain, ceramic, dry cotton, dry copper, dry wood, air, diamond, mica,
textile fiber, and wax.
• Insulators play an important tool within electrical and electronics because without them
electrical circuit would short together and not work. For example, insulators made of glass
or porcelain are used for insulating and supporting overhead transmission cables while
epoxy glass resin materials are used to make printed circuit boards, PCB’s etc.
 SYSTEM’S OF UNITS
In representing a circuit and its elements, we must define a
consistent system of units for the quantities occurring in the circuit.
At the 1960 meeting of the General Conference of Weights and
Measures, the representatives modernized the metric system and
created the Systeme International d’Unites, commonly called SI
units.
 SI PREFIXES
PREFIX SI symbol Exponent Form
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro µ 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
femto f 10-15
atto a 10-18
 DIRECT CURRENT SYSTEM
• Direct current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow
of charge is always in the same direction. As opposed to alternating current,
the direction and amperage of direct currents do not change. It is used in
many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries. Anything
that works with a battery works on DC.

https://energyeducation.ca/wiki/images/f/ff/DC.gif
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY
▪ Fundamental theory upon which all branches of electrical engineering are
built.
▪ Many branches of electrical engineering, such as power, electric machines,
control, electronics, communications, and instrumentation, are based on
electric circuit theory.
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements and each component
of the circuit is known as an element.

A simple electric circuit in the figure above consists of basic elements such as
battery, a light bulb, connecting wires and a switch.
An electric circuit is always a closed path. A closed circuit is one that is complete,
with good continuity throughout.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Closed Circuit

Open Circuit- implies that the two terminals are points are externally 
disconnected, which is equivalent to a resistance R=∞ . This means that zero
current can flow between the two terminals, regardless of any voltage difference. 

Short Circuit-  implies that the two terminals are externally connected with

resistance R=0 , the same as an ideal wire. This means there is zero voltage
difference for any current value.
 ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Electrical Symbols are used for components in electrical circuit
diagrams.
 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTS
AMMETER
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure current and must be connected in series with the circuit.
Figure shows an ammeter connected in series with the lamp to measure the current flowing through it.
Since all the current in the circuit passes through the ammeter it must have a very low resistance.
 VOLTMETER
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit. and must be connected in parallel
with the part of the circuit whose potential difference is required. In the
Figure , a voltmeter is connected in parallel with the lamp to measure the
potential difference across it. To avoid a significant current flowing through it a
voltmeter must have a very high resistance.
WATTMETER

A wattmeter is an instrument for the measurement of power in an electrical

circuit.
OHMMETER

An ohmmeter is an instrument for measuring resistance.

 MULTIMETER
A multimeter, or universal instrument, may be used to
measure voltage, current and resistance.
 CIRCUIT VARIABLES
1. ELECTRIC CHARGE
Charge is an electrical property of the atomics particles of which
matter consists, measured in Coulombs(C ).
 Like charges repel while unlike charges attract.
C
C
 1 coulomb (C )= 6.24 x 1018 electrons or protons

I=Q/t
Where:
Q = Charge in Coulumbs(C)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
t = time in seconds (s)
EXAMPLE:

If a current of 10A flows for four minutes, find the quantity of electricity
transferred.
Given: I = 10A, t= 4mins x = 240 seconds,
Solution:
Quantity of electricity, Q =It
Q= 10A(240sec)= 2400 Coulombs(C)
Problem:
1. How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?
2. Calculate the amount of charge represented by six million protons.
3. In what time would a current of 10A transfer a charge of 50 C?
 ELECTRIC CURRENT
 Such movement of free electrons creates an electric current
 Materials with large numbers of free electrons are called electrical
conductors. They conduct electrical current.

 rate of flow of electron or electric charge through a conductor or circuit

elements

 measured in amperes (A) or Coulombs/sec

I
Where:
Q = Charge in Coulombs(C)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
t = time in seconds (s)
EXAMPLE:

What current must flow if 0.24 coulombs is to be transferred in 15 ms?

Given: I = ?, Q= 0.24 C, t= 15ms x = 0.015 seconds,
Solution:

= 16C/sec or 16 A
Problem:
1. The current in an electric lamp is 5 amperes. What quantity of electricity
flows towards the filament in 6 minutes?
2. A constant current of 4 A charges a capacitor. How long will it take to
accumulate a total charge of 8 coulombs on the plates?
 TYPES OF CURRENT
1. Direct Current (DC) – is a current that remains constant with time.
2. Alternating Current(AC)- is a current that varies sinusoidally with
time.

If the current does not change

with time, but remains constant,
we call it a direct current (DC).

A time-varying current is represented by the symbol i. A

common form of time-varying current is the sinusoidal current
or alternating current (AC).
Conventional current flow: (a) positive current flow, (b) negative current flow
MAIN EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURREN
The three main effects of an electric current are:
(a) magnetic effect
(b) chemical effect
(c) heating effect
Some practical applications of the effects of an electric current include:
Magnetic effect: bells, relays, motors, generators, transformers, telephones, car-ignition
and lifting magnets
Chemical effect: primary and secondary cells and electroplating
Heating effect: cookers, water heaters, electric fires, irons, furnaces, kettles and
soldering irons
 3. VOLTAGE
We know that like charges repel each other whereas unlike charges attract each
other. To overcome this force of attraction or repulsion, a certain amount of work or
energy is required. When the charges are moved, it is said that a potential difference
exists and the work or energy per unit charge utilized in this process is known as
voltage or potential difference.
 Also known as electromotive force (emf); electric pressure; potential difference.
The energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts
(V)

Where:
W= WORK DONE ( joule)
Q= CHARGE (coulomb)
 TYPES OF VOLTAGE
DC Voltage
- commonly produce by batteries
AC Voltage
- produced by electric generator

A constant voltage is called dc voltage and is represented by V,

Whereas a sinusoidal time varying voltage is called an ac voltage represented by v.
A polarity (+. -) is used to indicate a voltage across an element.
Voltages , like currents, can be positive or negative.
 The potential at point a with respect to point b is Vab.
• The Vab can be interpreted in two ways: (1) Point a is at a potential of Vab
volts higher than point b, or (2) and point b
-Vab volts above point a. It follows logically that in general
EXAMPLE:

A battery can deliver 10 Joules of energy to move 5 coulombs of charge. What is the potential difference

between the terminals of the battery?

Given: V = ?, W= 10 Joule, Q= 5 Coulombs
Solution:

V= 2 J/C or 2 V
Problem:
1. Work equal to 136.0 joules is expended in moving electrons between two
points in an electric circuit. What potential difference does this establish
between the two points?
 4. POWER
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W) or
J/s, Watt is the unit of Power.
Equivalent to one joule of energy consumed in one second.
• Named after the British engineer and inventor James Watt.

PR =
Where:
P= electrical power (watt)
V= voltage (volt)
I= current (ampere)
R= resistance (ohm)
EXAMPLE:

A portable machine requires a force of 200 N to move it. How much work is done

the machine is moved 20 m and what average power is utilized if the movement take

25 s?

Given: F = 200 N, d = 20m, t= 25 seconds

Solution:

Work done = force x distance = 200N x 20 m =4000 Nm or 4kJ

W=Pt P
Problem:
1. A mass of 1000 kg is raised through a height of 10 m in 20 s.
What is (a) the work done and (b) the power developed?

2. An electric kettle has a resistance of 30 Ω.What current will flow when it is

connected to a 240 V supply? Find also the power rating of the kettle.
 5. ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Energy is the capacity to do work.

W
P=W/t
Where:
W= electrical energy (joule)
P= electrical power (watt)
t= time (second)

Kilowatt-hour (kW-hr)
-unit in which electrical energy is sold to a consumer.
1 calorie= 4.186 joules
1 hp = 746 watts
1 BTU= 252 calories
1 kW-hr= 3600 kJ= 3413 BTU =860 kcal
1 joule= 1 x ergs
1 day = 24 hours
1 month = 30 days = 720 hours
1 year = 365 days = 8760 hours
EXAMPLE:

AA source e.m.f. of 5 V supplies a current of 3 A for 10 minutes. How

much energy is provided in this time?

Given: V = 5 V, I = 3 A, t= 10 minutes
Solution: W = Pt, P= VI = 5V(3A)= 15W

W
Problem:
1. Electrical equipment in an office takes a current of 13 A from a 240 V
supply. Estimate the cost per week of electricity if the equipment is used
for 30 hours each week and 1 kWh of energy costs 7 pesos.

2. An electric heater consumes 3.6 MJ when connected to a 250 V

supply for 40 minutes. Find the power rating of the heater and the
current taken from the supply.

3. How many calories does an electric heater of 100 watts generate per
second?
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
ACTIVE CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
PASSIVE CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
1. RESISTOR
TYPES OF RESISTORS

https://www.codrey.com/resistor/types-of-resistors
 
LAW OF RESISTANCE
• its varies directly as its length (l)
• its varies inversely as the cross-sectional (A) of the conductor
• it depends on the nature of the material
• it depends on the temperature of the conductor
SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY (Ρ)
• The resistance of electrical materials in terms of unit dimensions length and cross – sectional
area.
• The amount of change of resistance in a material per unit change in temperature.
• The unit is ohm – circular mils per foot Ω-CM/ft

Where:
R = Resistance The resistance is directly proportional to the conductor length. The
A = Cross-sectional area resistance is inversely proportional to the cross – sectional area.
ρ = Resistivity
L = Length
V = Volume
RESISTIVITY OF COMMON ELEMENTS AT .
EXAMPLE:

Calculate the resistance of a copper conductor having a length of 2 km

and a cross-section of 22 . Assume the resistivity of copper is 1.-m.

Given: l = 2km = m , A= 22 = , ρ = 1.-m. Solution:

R=1.56Ω
Problem:
1. The substation bus bar is made up of 2 inches round copper bars 20 ft. long.
What is the resistance of each bar if resistivity is 1.724 x10-6ohm-cm.

2. Determine the resistance of a bus bar made of copper if the length is 10m
long and the cross section is 4x4 cm2. Use 1.724 x10-6 ohm-cm as the resistivity.
Problem:
What is the size in square millimeter of the cable of 250 MCM size?

2. A 500 MCM ACSR cable has 37 strands. Determine the diameter in

mills of each strand.

3. Using the given particulars, calculate the resistances of the following

conductors at .
 Material – Copper-Annealed, Length- 1000 ft., CM – 3220 circular mils.
•Solution:
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE EFFEC
• Rise in temperature – increases the R of pure metals
• Rise in temperature – increases the R of alloys
• Rise in temperature – decreases the R of electrolytes and insulators.

Where:

Where: Absolute temperature R1 = initial resistance

R2 = final resistance
T=
T = inferred absolute temperature
ΔT = =
(temperature when resistance of a given material is zero)
=
t1 = initial temperature

t2 = final temperature

= temperature coefficient of resistance= ohmic change



INFERRED ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE (T) IN 0C

COPPER ANNEALED = 234.5

SILVER = 243
ALUMINUM = 236
HDC (HARD DRAWN COPPER) = 242

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE (@

20 0C)
COPPER = 0.00393/0C
SILVER = 0.0038/0C
ALUMINUM = 0.0039/0C
 Resistance vs. Temperature

Using Similar Triangles,

EXAMPLE:
If the resistance of a copper wire is 50 Ω at 20℃, what is its resistance
at 100℃ (boiling point of water)?
Given: R1 = 50 Ω , t1 = 20℃ , t2 = 100℃ , R2 = ?
Solution: R2 R1
=
[ 𝑇 ] +t 2 [ 𝑇 ] +t 1

R2 = 65.72Ω
Problem:
1. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 62 ohm, at a room temperature of.
What will be its resistance at?
a) .

2. The tungsten filament in an incandescent lamp has a resistance of 9.8 ohm at a

room temperature of and a resistance of 132 ohm at normal operating
temperature. Calculate the temperature of the heated filament. ∝20℃=0.0045/℃

3. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100Ω when its temperature is 0°C.
Determine its resistance at 70°C if the temperature coefficient of resistance of
copper at 0°C is 0.0043/°C.
 
CONDUCTORS UNDERGOING DRAWING PROCESS (CONSTANT
VOLUME, SAME MATERIAL)

- In the process, the waste of the material is assumed negligible

(efficiency is 100%), thus keeping the volume to be constant all
throughout the process.
Problem:
1. A kilometer of wire having a diameter of 11.7 mm and a resistance of 0.031
ohm is drawn down so that its diameter is 5.0 mm. what does its resistance
become?
2. A one – meter rod of 2 – cm diameter is drawn until its resistance is 100
times the initial resistance. Its length afterward is?
3. A copper wire of unknown length has a resistance of 0.80 ohm. By
successive passes through drawing lies, the length of the wire is increased to 2
and ½ times its original value. Assuming that resistivity remains unchanged
during the drawing process, determine the new value of its resistance.
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
COLOR   DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
BLACK   0 1  
BROWN   1 101  
RED   2 102  
ORANGE   3 103  
YELLOW   4 104  
GREEN   5 105  
BLUE   6 106  
VIOLET   7 107  
GRAY   8 108  
WHITE   9 109  
GOLD     10-1 ±5%
SILVER     10-2 ± 10 %
NO COLOR       ±20 %

TOLERANCE
▪ Tolerance is the amount (in percent) by which the actual ohmic resistance can be
different from the color coded value.
EXAMPLE:
Brown Black Orange Gold
1 0 103

Solution:
Proble
m:
Find the Rated value, Minimum, Maximum, Ohmic values and Range of the given color
bands.
1. Black, Yellow, White and Silver
2. Red, Red, Orange and No color
3. Red, Violet, Gray and Gold
4. Green, Blue, Brown and Silver
5. Green, Yellow, Red and No color
6. Blue, Blue, Black and Gold
7. Blue, Red, Gray and Gold
8. White, Violet, Green and Silver
9. Black, Red, Yellow and Silver
10.White, Orange, Violet and Gold
2. INDUCTOR
3. CAPACITORS
 OHM’S LAW
states that the current flowing in an electric circuit is directly proportional to
the impressed emf applied to the circuit and inversely to the equivalent
resistance of the said circuit. Named after the German physicist, Georg S. Ohm
(1787-1854)

I=

Where:
V= impressed voltage (volt)
I = current drawn (ampere)
R= resistance (ohm)
EXAMPLE:
The current flowing through a resistor is 0.8 A when a potential
difference of 20 V is applied. Determine
the value of the resistance.
Given: I = 0.8 A ,V = 20 V
Solution: I=
I= R = = = 25Ω
Problem:
1. Determine the voltage which must be applied to a 2 kΩ resistor in order that
a current of 10 mA may flow.
 
2. A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and causes a current of 5 mA
to flow. Determine the resistance of the resistor. If the voltage is now reduced to
25 V, what will be the new value of the current flowing?
CONDUCTANCE (G)
• Conductance is a measure of the material’s ability to conduct electric current.
• Reciprocal of Resistance
• measured in mho (Ʊ), siemens (S)
G= ==
SIEMENS (formerly mho)
• - unit of conductance.
• Named after the german engineer, Earnst Werner von Siemens (1816-1892)
Conductivity (δ)– reciprocal of resistivity

G= ==δ=
 
Where:
δ = conductivity (siemens per meter) ρ = specific resistance (resistivity)(ohm-
meter)
L = length(meter)
A = cross sectional area(square meter)
G = conductance(siemens)
R = resistance(ohm)
 CHAPTER TEST
Solve the following problems completely.
1. The voltage across a 1.1 kW toaster that produces a current of 10 A is .
2. A telephone wire has a current of 20 µA flowing through it. How long does it take
for a charge of 15 C to pass through the wire?
3. A lightning bolt carried a current of 2 kA and lasted for 3 ms. How many coulombs
of charge were contained in the lightning bolt?
4. A battery may be rated in ampere-hours (Ah). An lead-acid battery is rated at 160
Ah. (a) what is the maximum current it can supply for 40 h? (b) how many days it
last if it discharged at 1 mA?
5. How much work is done by a 12-V automobile battery in moving 5 x 10 20 electrons
from the positive terminal to the negative terminal?
6. How much energy does a 10-hp motor deliver in 30 minutes? Assume that 1
horsepower = 746 W.
7. A 2-kW electric iron is connected to a 120-V line. Calculate the current
drawn by the iron.
8. The maximum current that a 2W, 80 kΩ resistor can safely conduct is .
9. A business uses two 3 kW fires for an average of 20 hours each per week,
and six 150W lights for 30 hours each per week. If the cost of electricity is
14.25 p per unit, determine the weekly cost of electricity to the business.
10. The resistance of 1.5 km of wire of cross-sectional area 0.17 is 150Ω.
Determine the resistivity of the wire.