COMPENDIUM OF NOTES IN TLE

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

(COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING)
(EXPLORATORY – GRADE 7)
ELECTRONICS – Module 1

Prepared by:
RAYMOND G. PUNO
Teacher III

Noted by: Approved by:

NELIA P. ABAYA, Ed.D. ANGEL M. VILLAMIN, Ed.D.
Head Teacher VI, TLE Principal III
 Chapter 1

History of Electronics

Brief History of Electronics

The word ‘Electronics’ is originated from

the word electron which is a branch of science
dealing with theory and use of devices in which the
electrons travel through a vacuum (refers to a
space where charged particles such as electrons,
protons, neutrons, and all other matter are absent),
gas or a semiconductor medium. Electronics is that
field of science which deals with the motion of
electrons under the influence of applied electric
and/or magnetic field. Electronics can be classified
into two branches: Physical Electronics and Electronics Engineering. Physical electronics deals with the motion of
electronics in a vacuum, gas, or semiconductor. Whereas electronics engineering deals with the design, fabrication
and application of electronic devices.

Alternatively, we can define Electronics as the science of how to control the electric energy, energy in which
the electrons have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical
components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, and associated passive electrical
components and interconnection technologies. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily
or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an
electronic circuit.

Electronics and Their Development

In this 21st century, every day we are dealing with electronic circuits and devices in some of the other forms
because gadgets, home appliances, computers, transport systems, cell phones, cameras, TV, etc. all have electronic
components and devices. Today’s world of electronics has made deep inroads in several areas, such as healthcare,
medical diagnosis, automobiles, industries, electronics projects, etc., and convinced everyone that without
electronics, it is really impossible to work. Therefore, looking forward to knowing the past and about the brief history
of electronics is necessary to revive our minds and to get inspired by those individuals who sacrificed their lives by
engaging themselves in such amazing discoveries and inventions that costs everything for them, but nothing for us,
and, in turn, benefitted us immensely since then.

Electronics’ actual history began with the invention of vacuum diode by J.A. Fleming, in 1897; and, after that,
a vacuum triode was implemented by Lee De Forest to amplify electrical signals. This led to the introduction of
tetrode and pentode tubes that dominated the world until
World War II.

Subsequently, the transistor era began with the junction

transistor invention in 1948. Even though this particular
invention got a Nobel Prize, yet it was later replaced with a
bulky vacuum tube that would consume high power for its
operation. The use of germanium and silicon semiconductor
materials made these transistors gain popularity and wide-
acceptance usage in different electronic circuits.

The subsequent years witnessed the invention of the

integrated circuits (ICs) that drastically changed the electronic
circuits’ nature as the entire electronic circuit got integrated on
a single chip, which resulted in low: cost, size, and weight

Integrated Circuits (ICs)

electronic devices. The years 1958 to 1975 marked the introduction of IC
with enlarged capabilities of over several thousand components on a
single chip such as small-scale integration, medium-large scale, and very-
large-scale integration ICs.

And the trend further carried forward with the JFETs and
MOSFETs that were developed from 1951 to 1958 by improving the
device designing process and by making more reliable and powerful
transistors.

Digital integrated circuits were yet another robust IC

development that changed the overall architecture of computers. These
ICs were developed with Transistor-transistor logic (TTL), integrated
injection logic (I2L), and emitter-coupled logic (ECL) technologies. Later these digital ICs employed PMOS, NMOS, and
CMOS fabrication design technologies.

All these radical changes in all these components led to the

introduction of microprocessors in 1969 by Intel. Soon after, the analog
integrated circuits were developed that introduced an operational
amplifier for analog signal processing. These analog circuits include
analog multipliers, ADC and DAC converters, and analog filters.

This is all about the fundamental understanding of electronics

history. This history of electronics technology costs a greater investment
of time, efforts, and talent from the real heroes, some of them are
described below.
First Intel Microprocessor

Inventors in History of Electronics

Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van

Musschenbroek (1745)

Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van

Musschenbroek discovered the Leyden Jar in 1745.
It was the first electrical capacitor– a storage
mechanism for an electrical charge. The first ones
were a glass jar filled with water-two wires
suspended in the water. Muschenbrock got such a
shock out of the first jar he experimented with that
he nearly died.

Later, the water was replaced with metal foils

wrapped so that there was insulation between the
layers of foil-the two wires are attached to the ends
of the sheets of foil.
Leyden Jar

Ben Franklin (1706-1790)

Flew kites to demonstrate that lightning is a form of Static Electricity (ESD). He would run a wire to the kite and
produce sparks at the ground, or charge a Leyden jar. This led Franklin to invent the lightning rod.

Franklin also made several electrostatic generators with rotating glass balls to experiment with.
These experiments led him to formulate the single fluid (imponderable fluid) theory of electricity. Previous theories
had held there were two electrical fluids and two magnetic fluids. Franklin theorized just one imponderable electrical
fluid (a fluid under conservation) in the universe.

The difference in electrical charges was explained by an excess (+) or defect (–) of the single electrical fluid. This is
where the positive and negative symbols come from in Electric Circuit.

Charles Augustus Coulomb (1736-1806)

Invented the torsion balance in 1785.

The torsion balance is a simple device
– a horizontal cross-bar is mounted
on a stretched wire. A ball is then
mounted on each end of the cross
bar. Given a positive or negative
charge, those balls will then attract or
repel other objects that carry
charges. The balls responding to
these charges will try to twist the
wire holding the cross bar.

The wire resists twisting, and how

much twisting occurs tells you how much force the attraction or repulsion
exerted. Coulomb showed electrical attraction and repulsion follow an inverse
square law. The unit of charge (Coulomb) is named after him.

Torsion balance
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

Announced the results of his experiments investigating Galvani’s claims about

the source of electricity in the frog leg experiment. He undertook to prove that
he could produce electricity without the frog. He took the same bimetallic arcs
(many of them) and dipped them in glasses of brine. The unit for voltage (volts) is
named after him.
Voltage - is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a
conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light.

This was Volta’s Couronne des Tasses- his first battery.

The voltaic pile was an improved configuration for a battery.

With it he showed that the bimetallic arcs were the source
of electricity.

Volta battery

André Marie Ampère (1775-1836)

Gave a formalized understanding of the relationships between electricity and

magnetism using algebra. The unit for current (ampere) is named after him.

Ampere - An ampere is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or current in

an electrical conductor

George Simon Ohm (1789-1854)

He wanted to measure the motive force of electrical currents. He found that

some conductors worked better than others and quantified the differences.

He waited quite some time to announce “Ohm’s Law” because his theory
was not accepted by his peers. The unit for resistance (Ohms) is named after
him.

Formula

V = IR

V = voltage

I = current

R = resistance

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) – Great Contribution to History of Electronics

1820s Faraday postulated that an electrical current moving through a wire

creates “fields of force” surrounding the wire. He believed that as these
“fields of force” when established and collapsed could move a magnet. This
led to a number of experiments with electricity as a motive (moving) force.

In 1821, Faraday built the first electric motor – a device for transforming an
electrical current into rotary motion.
In 1831, Faraday made the first transformer – a device for inducing an electrical current in a wire not connected to
an electrical source, also known as Faraday’s Ring. It was powered by a voltaic pile and used a manually operated key
to interrupt the current.

The unit of capacitance (farad) is named after him.

Left: A modern-created
version of Faraday's
electric generator. Image
used courtesy of Skulls in
the Stars. Right: A
rendering of Faraday's
original electric generator
drawn by Faraday in 1884

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872)

He brought a practical system of telegraphy to the fore front using

electromagnets, and invented the code named after him in 1844.

Although in 1837 the development of an electric telegraph system making

use of a deflecting magnetic needle had already been developed by Sir W.
F. Cooke and Sir Charles Wheatstone, who installed the first railway
telegraph system in England, Morse overcame both electrical design flaws
and information flow restrictions to enable the telegraph to become a
viable system of communication.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) – One of the Greatest Scientist and Inventor in History of Electronics

In 1878, Edison began work on an electric lamp and sought a material that
could be electrically heated to incandescence in a vacuum. At first, he used
platinum wire in glass bulbs at 10 volts. He connected these bulbs in series to
utilize a higher supply voltage; however, he realized that independent lamp
control would be necessary for home and office use.

He then developed a three-wire system with a supply of 220 volts DC. Each
lamp operated at 110 volts, and the higher voltage required a resistance vastly
greater than that of platinum.

Edison conducted an extensive search for a filament material to replace

platinum until, on Oct. 21, 1879, he demonstrated a lamp containing a
carbonized cotton thread that glowed for 40 hours.

He consistently fought the use of alternating current AC and continued to

market direct current DC systems.

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894)

He was the first person to demonstrate the existence of radio

waves. His inspiration came from Helmholtz and Maxwell.
Hertz demonstrated in 1887 that the velocity of radio waves (also called Hertzian waves) was equal to that of light.
The unit of frequency (Hertz) is named after him.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) – Great Contribution to History of Electronics

He devised the polyphase alternating-current systems that form the

modern electrical power industry. In 1884, Tesla emigrated to the United
States. He worked briefly for Thomas Edison, who as the advocate of
direct current became Tesla’s unsuccessful rival in electric power
development.

In 1888, Tesla showed how a magnetic field could be made to rotate if

two coils at right angles were supplied with alternating currents 90
degrees out of phase with each other at 60 hertz.

Tesla’s other inventions included the Tesla coil, a kind of transformer,

and he did research on high-voltage electricity and wireless
communication. In 1905, he demonstrated a wireless remote control
boat, while at the same time Marconi was still transmitting Morse code.

Despite his many patents and genius, he died poor. Congress declared
Tesla the “father of radio“, (not wireless as Marconi was), because
Marconi’s four tuned circuit radio used Tesla’s 1897 radio patent
describing the four tuned stages, two on input and two on output.

The unit of magnetic field density (Tesla) is named after him.

Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) – Father of Wireless in History of

Electronics

Known as the “father of wireless“, He was an Italian national who

expanded on the experiments that Hertz did, and believed that
telegraphic messages could be transmitted without wires.

In 1897, Marconi formed his wireless telegraph company, and in

December 1901 he did the first trans Atlantic radio transmission in
Morse code. When Marconi died all the radio transmitters in the world
were silent for two minutes.

Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945)

He made the first diode tube, the

Fleming valve in the year 1905. The
device had three leads, two for the
heater/cathode and the other for the
plate.
Lee De Forest (1873-1961)

He added a grid electrode to Fleming’s valve and created the triode tube, later improved and called the Audion. This
increased the distance that radio could be received by two orders of magnitude.

He was a prolific inventor, and was granted more than 300 patents in the fields of wireless telegraphy, radio, wire
telephone, sound-on-film, picture transmission, and television.

Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923-2005)

Developed the integrated circuit while at Texas instruments. While conducting

research into miniaturization he built the first true integrated circuit, a phase-
shift oscillator with individually wired parts. Kilby received a patent in 1959.

Robert Norton Noyce (1927-1990)

Developed the integrated circuit with a more practical approach to scaling

the size of the circuit. He became a founder of Fairchild Semiconductor
Company in 1957.

In 1959, he and a co-worker developed the design of a semiconducting chip;

the same idea occurred independently that same year to Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments. Noyce and Kilby were both granted patents.

In 1968 he formed Intel with Gordon Moore, and in 1971 Intel designer Ted
Hoff developed the first microprocessor, the 4004.

History of Electronics Timeline – 2000 – 2021

2006 – The First WII and PS3 Gaming Console were Launched.

2007 – First Apple iPhone and iPod were Launched.

2008 – First Android OS for Smartphones was Launched.

2008 – The Large Hadron Collider.

2010 – The First Apple iPad and Xbox 360 Gaming Console were Launched.

2011 – Solar Panel Revolution as Alternate and Renewable Source of Energy.

2011 – Curiosity, the space vehicle launched by NASA landed on Mars.

2014 – Microscale 3-D Printing Available.

2018 – Parker Solar Probe Launched by Nasa.

2019 – India Launched Chandrayan-2 to the Moon.

Chapter 1 – History of Electronics

Activity Sheet

Activity – Multiple Choice

Direction. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your answer sheets.
______1. The word ‘Electronics’ is originated from the word ___________ which is a branch of science dealing with
theory and use of devices in which the electrons travel through a vacuum, gas or a semiconductor medium.
a. proton b. neutron c. electron d. atom
______2. This refers to a space where charged particles such as electrons, protons, neutrons, and all other matter
are absent.
a. diode b. vacuum c. tube d. transistor
______3. The two types of electronic components are passive components and reactive components.
a. True b. False
______4. Almost all things that we encounter in our daily lives has electronics in them.
a. True b. False
______5. What electronic components dominated the second world war?
a. Diode and IC b. Transistor and Tetrode c. Pentode and Diode d. Tetrode and Pentode
______6. The invention of this component drastically changed the electronic circuits’ nature as the entire electronic
circuit got integrated on a single chip, which resulted in low: cost, size, and weight electronic devices.
a. Diode b. Transistor c. Vacuum d. Integrated Circuit
______7. What company introduced the first microprocessor?
a. AMD b. Intel c. Tesla d. Microsoft
______8. What is the first electrical capacitor?
a. Torsion balance b. Couronne des Tasses c. Leyden Jar d. Faraday’s Ring
______9. He flew kites to demonstrate that lightning is a form of Static Electricity (ESD).
a. Alessandro Volta b. Ben Franklin c. Nikola Tesla d. Michael Faraday
______10. What is the symbol for Ampere?
a. I b. A c. M d. P
______11. What is the first transformer?
a. Autobots b. Michael Faraday c. Samuel Morse d. Ben Franklin
______12. Who was the first person to demonstrate the existence of radio waves?
a. Samuel Morse b. Heinrich Hertz c. Thomas Edison d. Robert Norton Noyce
______13. Who developed the Integrated Circuit at Texas Instruments?
a. Robert Noyce b. Jack Kilby c. Lee De Forest d. Guglielmo Marconi
______14. He brought a practical system of telegraphy to the fore front using electromagnets, and invented the
code named after him in 1844.
a. Nikola Tesla b. Guglielmo Marconi c. Heinrich Hertz d. Samuel Morse
______15. Electronics and electricity are just the same.
a. True b. False