Electronics for IT

Dr. Engs. Wesam Bachir, PhD.

Computer Engineering
Vistula University
b.wesam@vistula.edu.pl
ENGAGE

Lecture
Electronics 2
Electronics

Electronics is a subfield of science concerned with controlling

the movement of electrons to design components and
circuits that contribute to the advancement of modern
technology.

Electronics 3
Introduction

The "Edison effect" was the name given to a phenomenon

that Edison observed in 1875 and refined later, in 1883,
while he was trying to improve his new incandescent lamp.

The effect was that, in a vacuum, electrons flow from a

heated element -- like an incandescent lamp filament -- to a
cooler metal plate.

This discovery was the birth of Electronics !

Electronics 4
History of Electronics

The Audion, invention of the Intel first

A two-electrode
invented by Lee De transistor at Bell microprocessor 4004
vacuum tube
Forest (1907) Labs (1947)
constructed by
John A. Fleming
(1849–1945)
produced a
useful output
current.
Electronics 5
Modern Technologies (Quantum Computing)

Quantum computing employs the

properties of quantum physics like
superposition and entanglement to
perform computation. Traditional
transistors use binary encoding of
data represented electrically as “on”
or “off” states. Quantum bits or
“qubits” can simultaneously operate
in multiple states enabling
unprecedented levels of parallelism
and computing efficiency.
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/quantum-computing.html
Electronics 6
Basic Concepts

Electronics 7
Charge and Current
An electron is a charged subatomic particle. the coulomb (C) is a measure of
electric charge with

Electric current is the flow of electric charge in time

The ampere is the unit of electric current

Electronics 8
Electricity

Electric charge refers to a fundamental

property of matter

The tiny particles that make up atoms —

protons and electrons — are the bearers
of electric charge.

There are two types of charge: positive

and negative. Protons have positive
charge; electrons have negative charge.

Electronics 9
Electromagnetics fields

Hans Christian Oersted, a professor of physics, announcing

in 1820 a relationship between magnetism and electricity
that serves as the foundation for the theory of
electromagnetism as we know it today. Hans Christian Ørsted

In the same year, a French physicist, André Ampère,

demonstrated that there are magnetic effects around
every current-carrying conductor and that current-
carrying conductors can attract and repel each other just
like magnets.
André-Marie Ampère

Electronics 10
 Electromagnetics fields
In 1827, a German physicist, Georg Ohm, introduced an important
relationship between potential, current, and resistance which we now
refer to as Ohm’s law.
Georg Ohm

In 1831, an English physicist, Michael Faraday, demonstrated his theory

of electromagnetic induction, whereby a changing current in one coil
can induce a changing current in another coil, even though the two
coils are not directly connected. Michael Faraday

James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish professor, developed what are

currently called Maxwell’s equations, which support the efforts of
Faraday linking electric and magnetic effects. Maxwell also developed
James Clerk Maxwell
the electromagnetic theory of light in 1862.
Electronics 11
Maxwell’s equations

Electronics 12
Coulomb’s law:

The magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is

directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

Electronics 13
Electromagnetics spectrum

Electronics 14
Electric Current

At room temperature with no external forces

applied, there exists within the copper wire the
random motion of free electrons created by
the thermal energy that the electrons gain
from the surrounding medium.

The free electron is the charge carrier in a

copper wire or any other solid conductor of
electricity.

With no external forces applied, the net flow of

charge in a conductor in any one direction is
zero.
Electronics 15
Electric Current

The free electrons (of negative charge) will drift

toward the positive terminal, while the positive
ions left behind in the copper wire will simply
oscillate in a mean fixed position.

The negative terminal is a “supply” of

electrons to be drawn from when the electrons
of the copper wire drift toward the positive
terminal.

Electronics 16
Electric Current

If 6.242 x 1018 electrons drift at uniform velocity through the imaginary circular
cross section in 1 second, the flow of charge, or current, is said to be 1 ampere
(A) in honor of André Marie Ampère

A coulomb (C) of charge was defined as the total charge associated with 6.242 x
1018 electrons. The charge associated with one electron can then be determined
from the following

Electronics 17
Electric Current

The current in amperes can now be calculated using the following equation:

I amperes (A)
Q coulombs (C)
t seconds (s)

Electronics 18
Example

Determine the current in a conductor if the charge flowing through the

imaginary surface of it is 0.16 C every 64 ms.

Electronics 19
Voltage

Voltage is therefore an indication of how much energy is involved in moving a charge

between two points in an electrical system.

The flow of charge described in the previous section is established by an external

“pressure” derived from the energy that a mass has by virtue of its position: potential
energy.

Energy, by definition, is the capacity to do work. If a mass (m) is raised to some height (h)
above a reference plane, it has a measure of potential energy expressed in joules (J) that is
determined by

Electronics 20
 Voltage
In battery, the internal chemical action will establish an accumulation of
negative charges (electrons) on one terminal (the negative terminal) and
positive charges (positive ions) on the other (the positive terminal).

A “positioning” of the charges will result in a potential difference between

the terminals.

In a conductor connected between the terminals of the battery, the electrons

at the negative terminal have sufficient potential energy to overcome
collisions with other particles in the conductor and the repulsion from
similar charges to reach the positive terminal to which they are attracted.

Electronics 21
Potential difference

The potential difference in an electric circuit is the “pressure” to cause the flow of charge
or current through the electrical system.

A mechanical analogy of the applied potential difference is the pressure applied to the
water. The resulting flow of water through the system is likened to the flow of charge
through an electric circuit.
Electronics 22
 Voltage

A potential difference of 1 volt (V) exists between two

points if 1 joule (J) of energy is exchanged in moving 1
coulomb (C) of charge between the two points.

In general, the potential difference between two points is

determined by

Example: Find the potential difference between two points in an electrical system if 60 J of
energy are expended by a charge of 20 C between these two points.

E for voltage sources (volts)

V for voltage drops (volts)

Electronics 23
AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS

Voltmeter connection

Ammeter connection

Electronics 24
Resistance

The flow of charge experience an opposing force similar to mechanical

friction. This opposition results from the collisions between electrons and
between electrons and other atoms.

The collision converts electrical energy into another form of energy such as
heat, is called the resistance of the material.

The resistance is determined by the type of material, length, cross-sectional

area, and temperature.

Electronics 25
Resistance

where ρ is the resistivity, l is the

length of the sample, and A is the
cross-sectional area of the sample.

Electronics 26
Fixed vs. Variable resistance

Variable resistance

Fixed resistance

Electronics 27
COLOR CODING AND STANDARD RESISTOR VALUES

four or five color bands are printed on one end of

the outer casing, Each color has a numerical. The
color bands are always read from the end that has
the band closest to it.

Electronics 28
Example

The first two colors are gray and red, representing

the numbers 8 and 2.
The third color is gold, representing a multiplier of
0.1. then we obtain a resistance of 8.2 .
The fourth band is silver, representing a tolerance of
10%. Converting
Maximum 8.2 0.82 9.02
Minimum 8.2 0.82 7.38
Therefore, the range 7.38 to 9.02 Electronics 29