Mastering Physics CH 02 HW College Physics I LCCC

5/6/2016
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Ch02HW
Due:9:30amonMonday,February8,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
Whatxvs.tGraphsCanTellYou
Todescribethemotionofaparticlealongastraightline,itisoftenconvenienttodrawagraphrepresentingtheposition
oftheparticleatdifferenttimes.Thistypeofgraphisusuallyreferredtoasanxvs.tgraph.Todrawsuchagraph,
chooseanaxissysteminwhichtimet isplottedonthehorizontalaxisandpositionx ontheverticalaxis.Then,
indicatethevaluesofx atvarioustimest .Mathematically,thiscorrespondstoplottingthevariablex asafunctionoft
.Anexampleofagraphofpositionasafunctionoftimeforaparticletravelingalongastraightlineisshownbelow.
Notethatanxvs.tgraphlikethisdoesnotrepresentthepathoftheparticleinspace.
Nowlet'sstudythegraphshowninthefigureinmoredetail.
RefertothisgraphtoanswerPartsA,B,andC.
PartA
Whatisthetotaldistancextraveledbytheparticle?
Expressyouranswerinmeters.
Hint1.Totaldistance
Thetotaldistancextraveledbytheparticleisgivenbythedifferencebetweentheinitialpositionx 0 at
t = 0.0 sandtheposition x at t = 50.0 s.Insymbols,
x = x x 0
Hint2.Howtoreadanxvs.tgraph
Rememberthatinanxvs.tgraph,timet isplottedonthehorizontalaxisandpositionx onthevertical
axis.Forexample,intheplotshowninthefigure,x = 16.0 matt = 10.0 s.
ANSWER:
x
= 30 m
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=4057468
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Correct
PartB
Whatistheaveragevelocityv av oftheparticleoverthetimeintervalt
= 50.0 s
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecond.
Hint1.Definitionandgraphicalinterpretationofaveragevelocity
Theaveragevelocityv av ofaparticlethattravelsadistancexalongastraightlineinatimeintervalt
isdefinedas
v av =
x
t
Inanx vs.t graph,then,theaveragevelocityequalstheslopeofthelineconnectingtheinitialandfinal

positions.
Hint2.Slopeofaline
TheslopemofalinefrompointA,withcoordinates(t A , x A ) ,topointB,withcoordinates(t B , x B ) ,is
equaltothe"rise"overthe"run,"or
m=
x B x A
t B t A
ANSWER:
v av
= 0.600 m/s
Correct
Theaveragevelocityofaparticlebetweentwopositionsisequaltotheslopeofthelineconnectingthetwo
correspondingpointsinanxvs.tgraph.
PartC
Whatistheinstantaneousvelocityv oftheparticleatt
= 10.0 s
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecond.
Hint1.Graphicalinterpretationofinstantaneousvelocity
Thevelocityofaparticleatanygiveninstantoftimeoratanypointinitspathiscalledinstantaneous
velocity.Inanxvs.tgraphoftheparticle'smotion,youcandeterminetheinstantaneousvelocityofthe
particleatanypointinthecurve.Theinstantaneousvelocityatanypointisequaltotheslopeoftheline
tangenttothecurveatthatpoint.
ANSWER:
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v
= 0.600 m/s
Correct
Theinstantaneousvelocityofaparticleatanypointonitsxvs.tgraphistheslopeofthelinetangenttothe
curveatthatpoint.Sinceinthecaseathandthecurveisastraightline,thetangentlineisthecurveitself.
Physically,thismeansthattheinstantaneousvelocityoftheparticleisconstantovertheentiretimeintervalof
motion.Thisistrueforanymotionwheredistanceincreaseslinearlywithtime.
Anothercommongraphicalrepresentationofmotionalongastraightlineisthevvs.tgraph,thatis,thegraphof
(instantaneous)velocityasafunctionoftime.Inthisgraph,timet isplottedonthehorizontalaxisandvelocityv onthe
verticalaxis.Notethatbydefinition,velocityandaccelerationarevectorquantities.Instraightlinemotion,however,
thesevectorshaveonlyonenonzerocomponentinthedirectionofmotion.Thus,inthisproblem,wewillcallv the
velocityanda theacceleration,eventhoughtheyarereallythecomponentsofthevelocityandaccelerationvectorsin
thedirectionofmotion.
PartD
Whichofthegraphsshownisthecorrectvvs.tplotforthemotiondescribedinthepreviousparts?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Recallyourresultsfoundinthepreviousparts,namelythefactthattheinstantaneousvelocityoftheparticle
isconstant.Whichgraphrepresentsavariablethatalwayshasthesameconstantvalueatanytime?
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ANSWER:
GraphA
GraphB
GraphC
GraphD
Correct
Wheneveraparticlemoveswithconstantnonzerovelocity,itsxvs.tgraphisastraightlinewithanonzero
slope,anditsvvs.tcurveisahorizontalline.
PartE
Showninthefigureisthevvs.tcurveselectedinthepreviouspart.WhatistheareaAoftheshadedregionunder
thecurve?
Expressyouranswerinmeters.
Theshadedregionunderthevvs.tcurveisarectanglewhosehorizontalandverticalsideslieonthet axis
andthev axis,respectively.Sincetheareaofarectangleistheproductofitssides,inthiscasetheareaof
theshadedregionistheproductofacertainquantityexpressedinsecondsandanotherquantityexpressed
inmeterspersecond.Theareaitself,then,willbeinmeters.
ANSWER:
A
= 30 m
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Correct
ComparethisresultwithwhatyoufoundinPartA.Asyoucansee,theareaoftheregionunderthevvs.t
curveequalsthetotaldistancetraveledbytheparticle.Thisistrueforanyvelocitycurveandanytime
interval:Theareaoftheregionthatextendsoveratimeintervaltunderthevvs.tcurveisalwaysequalto
thedistancetraveledint.
PSS2.1KinematicswithConstantAcceleration
LearningGoal:
TopracticeProblemSolvingStrategy2.1forconstantaccelerationproblems.
Acaristravelingataconstantvelocityofmagnitudev 0 whenthedrivernoticesagarbagecanontheroadinfrontof
him.Atthatmoment,thedistancebetweenthegarbagecanandthefrontofthecarisd .Atimet afternoticingthe
garbagecan,thedriverappliesthebrakesandslowsdownataconstantratebeforecomingtoahaltjustbeforethe
garbagecan.Whatisthemagnitudeofthecar'saccelerationafterthebrakesareapplied?
PROBLEMSOLVINGSTRATEGY2.1Kinematicswithconstantacceleration
MODEL: Usetheparticlemodel.Makesimplifyingassumptions.
VISUALIZE: Usedifferentrepresentationsoftheinformationintheproblem.
Drawapictorialrepresentation.Thishelpsyouassesstheinformationyouaregivenandstartsthe
processoftranslatingtheproblemintosymbols.
Useagraphicalrepresentationifitisappropriatefortheproblem.
Gobackandforthbetweenthesetworepresentationsasneeded.
SOLVE: Themathematicalrepresentationisbasedonthethreekinematicequations
v f s = v is + a s t
sf = si + v is t +
v
2
fs
= v
2
is
1
2
as (t)
+ 2a s s
,and
Usex ory,asappropriatetotheproblem,ratherthanthegenerics .
Replaceiandf withnumericalsubscriptsdefinedinthepictorialrepresentation.
Uniformmotionwithconstantvelocityhasa s = 0.
ASSESS: Isyourresultbelievable?Doesithaveproperunits?Doesitmakesense?
Model
Startbymakingsimplifyingassumptionsappropriateforthesituation.Inthisproblem,theobjectofinterest,thecar,
shouldbemodeledasaparticle.
Visualize
PartA
Belowisasketchofthesituationdescribedinthisproblem,alongwithfourdifferentmotiondiagrams.Whichof
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thesediagramsisthecorrectpictorialrepresentationoftheproblem?
ANSWER:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Correct
PartB
Asanalternativetothepictorialrepresentationshownabove,youcouldconsiderusingagraphicalrepresentation
instead.Belowarefourvelocityversustimegraphs.Whichgraphcorrectlyrepresentsthesituationdescribedinthis
problem?
ANSWER:
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A
B
C
D
Correct
Nowthatyouhaveassessedtheinformationgivenintheproblem,youneedtotranslateitintosymbols.You
knowthatwhenthedriverhitsthebrakesattimet afterseeingtheobstacle,themagnitudeofthecar's
accelerationchangesfromzerotoaconstant(unknown)value.Therefore,youwillneedtoconsiderthetwo
timeintervals(beforeandafterthebrakesarepressed)separately,sincetheyhavedifferentaccelerations.
Alignthexaxiswiththedirectionofmotion,andlett 0 bethemomentwhenthedriverseesthegarbagecan,
x 0 bethecar'spositionatthatmoment,and v 0x bethecar'svelocityatthatmoment.Let t 1 , x 1 ,and v 1x be
thetime,position,andvelocity,respectively,whenthedriverhitsthebrakes,andlett 2 ,x 2 ,andv 2x bethe
time,position,andvelocity,respectively,whenthecarfinallycomestorest.Notethatitismostconvenientto
taketheoriginofthecoordinateaxistobeatx 0 .Atthispoint,yourpictorialrepresentationshouldlooklike
this:
Now,decidewhichquantitiesareknownandwhichneedtobefound.
Solve
PartC
Findthemagnitudeofa x ,theaccelerationofthecarafterthebrakesareapplied.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesd ,t ,andv 0 .
Therelevantkinematicequationsneededtosolvethisproblemaregiveninthestrategyabove.Youmight
find,though,thatyouwillnotneedthemall.Infact,eventhoughyouknowthedelayoccurringfromwhen
thedriverseesthegarbagecanandwhenthebrakesareapplied,youdon'tknowhowlongittakesthecarto
cometoarest.Thus,thefirstequationmightnotbeveryuseful.Whatyoudoknow,instead,isthetotal
distancethecartravelsbeforestopping.Youalsoknowthataportionofthatdistanceiscoveredata
constantvelocityv 0 ,sousingtheappropriateequation,youcouldcalculatewhatdistancethecarstillhas
totravelbeforestopping.Thatinformation,whenusedwiththeappropriateequation,willallowyoutofindthe
magnitudeofthecar'saccelerationafterthebrakesareapplied.
Hint2.Findthedistancetraveledinthefirsttimeinterval
Afterthedriverfirstnoticestheobstacle,thecarmovesuniformlyforatimeintervalt 1 t 0 = tbeforethe
brakesareapplied.Findthedistancex 1 x 0 coveredbythecarinthetimeintervalbeforethebrakesare
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appliedandafterthedriverseestheobstacle.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesd ,v 0 ,t ,anda x .
ANSWER:
x1 x0
v0 t
IncorrectTryAgain5attemptsremaining
Hint3.Findthedistancetraveledinthesecondtimeinterval
Whenthedriverfirstnoticesthegarbagecan,thedistancebetweenthecarandthecanisx 2 x 0 = d.
Youhavefoundthatthedistancetraveledbythecarbeforethebrakesareappliedisv 0 t.Findthedistance
x 2 x 1 traveledbythecarafterthebrakesareapplied.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesd ,v 0 ,t ,anda x .
ANSWER:
x2 x1
d v0 t
Hint4.Findwhichequationtouse
Whenyouapplyeachofthethreekinematicsequationslistedinthestrategyabovetothecar'smotionafter
thebrakesareapplied,whichequationwillallowyoutofindthemagnitudeofthecar'sacceleration,given
onlytheinitialandfinalvelocityandthedistancetraveledinthattimeinterval?
ANSWER:
v f s = v is + a s t
sf = si + v is t +
v
2
fs
= v
2
is
1
2
as (t)
+ 2a s s
ANSWER:
|a x |
v0
2(dv 0 t)
Correct
Assess
PartD
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InPartC,youfoundthatthemagnitudeofthecar'saccelerationafterthebrakesareappliedis
|ax | =
2
0
2(dv 0 t)
Basedonthisexpression,whathappensto|a x | ift increasesandalltheothervariablesremainconstant?

ANSWER:
|a x |
decreasesbecauseitisinverselyproportionaltoalinearfunctionoft thatincreasesast increases.
|a x |
increasesbecauseitisinverselyproportionaltoalinearfunctionoft thatincreasesast increases.
|a x |
increasesbecauseitisalinearfunctionoft .
|a x |
decreasesbecauseitisinverselyproportionaltoalinearfunctionoft thatdecreasesast increases.
|a x |
increasesbecauseitisinverselyproportionaltoalinearfunctionoft thatdecreasesast increases.
Correct
Youranswerdoesmakephysicalsense!Ifthedrivertakeslongertoreact(i.e.,ift increases),the
accelerationrequiredtostopthecarjustbeforethegarbagecanmustbelargerinmagnitudebecausenowthe
distancetraveledafterthebrakesareappliedissmaller.
CleartheRunway
Totakeofffromtheground,anairplanemustreachasufficientlyhighspeed.Thevelocityrequiredforthetakeoff,the
takeoffvelocity,dependsonseveralfactors,includingtheweightoftheaircraftandthewindvelocity.
PartA
Aplaneacceleratesfromrestataconstantrateof5.00m/s 2 alongarunwaythatis1800mlong.Assumethat
theplanereachestherequiredtakeoffvelocityattheendoftherunway.Whatisthetimet TO neededtotakeoff?
Expressyouranswerinsecondsusingthreesignificantfigures.
Astheplanetravelsalongtherunway,ithasconstantacceleration.Tosolvetheproblem,you'llneedtouse
thekinematicsequationsforsuchmotion.Inparticular,youneedtousetheequationrelatingthedistance
traveledandtime.
Hint2.Findtheequationforthedistancetraveledbytheplane
Whichexpressionbestdescribesthedistanced traveledbytheplaneduringacertainintervaloftimet ?Let
s 0 and v 0 be,respectively,theinitialpositionandspeedoftheplane,anduse a fortheaccelerationofthe
plane.Rememberthattheplaneacceleratesfromrest.
ANSWER:
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v0 +
at
s0 + v 0 t +
d
1
2
at
1
2
at
s0 + v 0 +
s0 +
1
2
at
1
2
at
ANSWER:
t TO
= 26.8 s
Correct
Ifyouneedtousetheanswerfromthispartinsubsequentparts,usetheunroundedvalueyoucalculated
beforeyouroundedtheanswertothreesignificantfigures.Recallthatyoushouldonlyroundasafinalstep
beforesubmittingyouranswer.
PartB
Whatisthespeedv TO oftheplaneasittakesoff?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondusingthreesignificantfigures.
Sinceyouaregiventheconstantaccelerationoftheplane,andyouhavealsofoundthetimeittakestotake
off,youcancalculatethespeedoftheplaneasitascendsintotheairusingtheequationforthevelocityof
anobjectinmotionatconstantacceleration.
Hint2.Findtheequationforthevelocityoftheplane
Whichexpressionbestdescribesthevelocityv oftheplaneafteracertainintervaloftimet ?Letv 0 bethe
initialvelocityoftheplane,andusea fortheaccelerationoftheplane.Rememberthattheplanestartsfrom
rest.
ANSWER:
v0 t
v 0 + at
v0 t +
1
2
at
at
ANSWER:
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v TO
= 134 m/s
Correct
PartC
Whatisthedistanced f irst traveledbytheplaneinthefirstsecondofitsrun?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmetersusingthreesignificantfigures.
ApplythesameequationthatyouusedtosolvePartA.
ANSWER:
d f irst
= 2.50 m
Correct
PartD
Whatisthedistanced last traveledbytheplaneinthelastsecondbeforetakingoff?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmetersusingthreesignificantfigures.
Usetheequationthatgivesthedistancetraveledasafunctionoftime.Notethatyouarelookingforthe
distancetraveledinthelastsecondbeforetheplanetakesoff,whichcanbeexpressedasthelengthofthe
runwayminusthedistancetraveledbytheplaneuptothatlastsecond.
ANSWER:
d last
= 132 m
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Correct
Sincetheplaneisaccelerating,theaveragespeedoftheplaneduringthelastsecondofitsrunisgreaterthan
itsaveragespeedduringthefirstsecondoftherun.Notsurprisingly,soisthedistancetraveled.
PartE
Whatpercentageofthetakeoffvelocitydidtheplanegainwhenitreachedthemidpointoftherunway?
Expressyouranswernumericallytothenearestpercent.
Youneedtofindthevelocityoftheplanebythetimeitcovershalfthelengthoftherunwayandcompareit
withthetakeoffvelocity.Applythesamemethodthatyouusedtodeterminethetakeoffvelocity.
ANSWER:
70 %
Correct
Thisisa"ruleofthumb"generallyusedbypilots.Sincethetakeoffvelocityforaparticularaircraftcanbe
computedbeforetheflight,apilotcandeterminewhethertheplanewillsuccessfullytakeoffbeforetheendof
therunwaybyverifyingthattheplanehasgained70%ofthetakeoffvelocitybythetimeitreacheshalfthe
lengthoftherunway.Iftheplanehasn'treachedthatvelocity,thepilotknowsthatthereisn'tenoughtimeto
reachtheneededtakeoffvelocitybeforetheplanereachestheendoftherunaway.Atthatpoint,applyingthe
brakesandabortingthetakeoffisthesafestcourseofaction.
OvercomingaHeadStart
CarsAandBareracingeachotheralongthesamestraightroadinthefollowingmanner:CarAhasaheadstartandis
adistanceDA beyondthestartinglineatt = 0.Thestartinglineisatx = 0.CarAtravelsataconstantspeedv A .
CarBstartsatthestartinglinebuthasabetterenginethanCarA,andthusCarBtravelsataconstantspeedv B ,
whichisgreaterthanv A .
PartA
HowlongafterCarBstartedtheracewillCarBcatchupwithCarA?
Expressthetimeintermsofgivenquantities.
Hint1.Considerthekinematicsrelation
WriteanexpressionforthedisplacementofCarAfromthestartinglineatatimet afterCarBstarts.(Note
thatwearetakingthistimetobet = 0.)
D
t
x = 0
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Answerintermsofv A ,v B ,DA ,andt fortime,andtakex
atthestartingline.
= 0
Hint1.WhatistheaccelerationofCarA?
TheaccelerationofCarAiszero,sothegeneralformulax(t)
onetermequaltozero.
= x 0 + v 0 t + (1/2)at
hasatleast
ANSWER:
x A (t)
DA + v A t
Hint2.Whatistherelationbetweenthepositionsofthetwocars?
Thepositionsofthetwocarsareequalattimet catch .
Hint3.ConsiderCarB'spositionasafunctionoftime
WritedownanexpressionforthepositionofCarBattimet afterstarting.
Giveyouranswerintermsofanyvariablesneeded(uset fortime).
ANSWER:
x B (t)
vB t
ANSWER:
t catch
DA
v B v A
Correct
PartB
HowfarfromCarB'sstartinglinewillthecarsbewhenCarBpassesCarA?
Expressyouranswerintermsofknownquantities.(Youmayuset catch aswell.)
Hint1.Whichexpressionshouldyouuse?
Justuseyourexpressionforthepositionofeithercaraftertimet
t catch (foundinthepreviouspart).
,andsubstituteinthecorrectvaluefor
= 0
ANSWER:
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d pass
t catch v B
Correct
VelocityfromGraphsofPositionversusTime
Anobjectmovesalongthexaxisduringfourseparatetrials.Graphsofpositionversustimeforeachtrialareshownin
thefigure.
PartA
Duringwhichtrialortrialsistheobject'svelocitynotconstant?
Checkallthatapply.
Hint1.Findingvelocityfromapositionversustimegraph
Onagraphofcoordinatexasafunctionoftimet ,theinstantaneousvelocityatanypointisequaltothe
slopeofthecurveatthatpoint.
Hint2.Equationforslope
Theslopeofalineisitsrisedividedbytherun:
slope =
x
t
ANSWER:
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TrialA
TrialB
TrialC
TrialD
Correct
ThegraphofthemotionduringTrialBhasachangingslopeandthereforeisnotconstant.Theothertrialsall
havegraphswithconstantslopeandthuscorrespondtomotionwithconstantvelocity.
PartB
Duringwhichtrialortrialsisthemagnitudeoftheaveragevelocitythelargest?
Checkallthatapply.
Hint1.Definitionofaveragevelocity
Recallthat
average velocity =
(position)
(time)
x
t
Thennotethatthequestionasksonlyaboutthemagnitudeofthevelocity.
ANSWER:
TrialA
TrialB
TrialC
TrialD
Correct
WhileTrialBandTrialDdonothavethesameaveragevelocity,theonlydifferenceisthedirection!The
magnitudesarethesame.Neitheroneis"larger"thantheother,anditisonlybecauseofhowwechoseour
axesthatTrialBhasapositiveaveragevelocitywhileTrialDhasanegativeaveragevelocity.InTrialCthe
objectdoesnotmove,soithasanaveragevelocityofzero.DuringTrialAtheobjecthasapositiveaverage
velocitybutitsmagnitudeislessthanthatinTrialBandTrialD.
AnalyzingPositionversusTimeGraphs:ConceptualQuestion
Twocarstravelontheparallellanesofatwolaneroad.Thecarsmotionsarerepresentedbythepositionversustime
graphshowninthefigure.Answerthequestionsusingthetimesfromthegraphindicatedbyletters.
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PartA
Atwhichofthetimesdothetwocarspasseachother?
Hint1.Twocarspassing
Twoobjectscanpasseachotheronlyiftheyhavethesamepositionatthesametime.
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
None
Cannotbedetermined
Correct
PartB
Arethetwocarstravelinginthesamedirectionwhentheypasseachother?
ANSWER:
yes
no
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Correct
PartC
Atwhichoftheletteredtimes,ifany,doescar#1momentarilystop?
Hint1.Determiningvelocityfromapositionversustimegraph
Theslopeonapositionversustimegraphisthe"rise"(changeinposition)overthe"run"(changeintime).
Inphysics,theratioofchangeinpositionoverchangeintimeisdefinedasthevelocity.Thus,theslopeon
apositionversustimegraphisthevelocityoftheobjectbeinggraphed.
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
none
cannotbedetermined
Correct
PartD
Atwhichoftheletteredtimes,ifany,doescar#2momentarilystop?
Hint1.Determiningvelocityfromapositionversustimegraph
Theslopeonapositionversustimegraphisthe"rise"(changeinposition)overthe"run"(changeintime).
Inphysics,theratioofchangeinpositionoverchangeintimeisdefinedasthevelocity.Thus,theslopeon
apositionversustimegraphisthevelocityoftheobjectbeinggraphed.
ANSWER:
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A
B
C
D
E
none
cannotbedetermined
Correct
PartE
Atwhichoftheletteredtimesarethecarsmovingwithnearlyidenticalvelocity?
Hint1.DeterminingVelocityfromaPositionversusTimeGraph
Theslopeonapositionversustimegraphistherise(changeinposition)overtherun(changeintime).In
physics,theratioofchangeinpositionoverchangeintimeisdefinedasthevelocity.Thus,theslopeona
positionversustimegraphisthevelocityoftheobjectbeinggraphed.
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
None
Cannotbedetermined
Correct
PhETTutorial:MovingMan
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenposition,velocity,andacceleration.
Forthistutorial,usethePhETsimulationTheMovingMan.Thissimulationallowsyoutodragapersonbackandforth
andlookattheresultingposition,velocity,andacceleration.Youcanalsoenterapositionasafunctionoftime
mathematicallyandlookattheresultingmotion.
Startthesimulation.Whenyouclickthesimulationlink,youmaybeaskedwhethertorun,open,orsavethefile.
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Choosetorunoropenit.
UndertheChartstabyoucanclickanddragthepersonleftandright,orenteranumericvalueintheboxesontheleft
paneltoseeplotsforthepersonsposition,velocity,andaccelerationasafunctionoftime.ClickthePlaybuttonto
startasimulationandthePausebuttontostopasimulation.YoucanalsowatchaplaybackbyselectingthePlayback
radiobuttoninsteadofthedefaultRecordradiobutton.YoucanclickCleartoremovethecurrentplotwhilemaintaining
yoursettingsforposition,velocityandaccelerationorclickResetAlltostartover.InthePlaybackmode,thegreybar
canbedraggedovertheplottoanyvalueintime,andthedigitalreadoutswillshowthecorrespondingvaluesofthe
position,velocity,andacceleration.
UndertheSpecialFeaturesmenu,theExpressionEvaluatoroptionproducesasecondwindowinwhichyoucan
mathematicallytypeinanyfunctionforthepositionasafunctionoftime,x(t).Aftertypinginafunction,clickthePlay
buttontostartthesimulation.
Tozoominvertically,clickanyofthethree+buttonstothetoprightofeachplot.Tozoominhorizontally,clickthe+
buttontothebottomrightoftheaccelerationplot.
Feelfreetoplayaroundwiththesimulation.Whenyouaredone,clickResetAllontheChartstabbeforebeginningPart
A.
PartA
First,youwillfocusontherelationshipbetweenvelocityandposition.Recallthatvelocityistherateofchangeof
position(v x = dx/dt).ThismeansthatthevelocityisequaltotheslopeofthePositionvs.Timegraph.
Movethepersontothepositionx = 6 morenter6.00inthepositionbox.Ifyoudraggedthepersontoposition,
clickthePausebuttonandthentheClearbutton.Next,dragthepersontotherighttoroughlyx = 6 mandreverse
hisdirection,returninghimtotheoriginalposition,atx = 6 m.Movethepersonrelativelyquickly,aboutafew
secondsfortheroundtrip.Yourplotsshouldlooksomethinglikethoseshownbelow.
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LookatthePositionvs.TimeandVelocityvs.Timeplots.Whatistheperson'svelocitywhenhispositionisatits
maximumvalue(around6m)?
ANSWER:
positive.
Theperson'svelocityis
negative.
zero.
Correct
Whenthepersonspositionisamaximum,theslopeofthepositionwithrespecttotimeiszero,sodx/dt =
.However,duetothepersonsacceleration,thevelocitydoesnotremainzeroheeventuallymovestothe
left.
PartB
Accelerationistherateofchangeofthevelocity,a x
,soitistheslopeoftheVelocityvs.Timegraph.
= dv x /dt
Becauseitisdifficulttodragthepersoninaconsistentandreproducibleway,usetheExpressionEvaluatorunder
theSpecialFeaturesmenuforthisquestion.
ClickResetAllandtypeinthefunctionx(t) = 8 t 2 t t intheExpressionEvaluator.ClickthePlay
buttonandletthesimulationrunroughly5simulationsecondsbeforepressingthePausebutton.Usethezoom
buttonstoadjusttheplotssotheyfitinthescreen.Youshouldseeaplotsimilartowhatyougotintheprevious
question,butmuchsmoother.
LookatthePositionvs.Time,Velocityvs.Time,andAccelerationvs.Timeplots.
InPlaybackmode,usethegreyverticalbar.Slidethebaruntilthevaluex
isdisplayedinthe
= 8m
x = 8m
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positionboxontheleftpanel.Whatarethevaluesofvelocityandaccelerationwhenx
= 8m
ANSWER:
boththevelocityandtheaccelerationarenonzero.
Whenthepersonis8mtotherightoftheorigin,
thevelocityiszerobuttheaccelerationisnegative.
thevelocityiszerobuttheaccelerationispositive.
boththevelocityandtheaccelerationarezero.
Correct
Atx = 8 m,thepersonturnstogobackintheoppositedirection.Hisvelocityiszero,buthisaccelerationis
negativesincethevelocityisdecreasingwithtime.Thisissimilartothrowingaballstraightupintotheairat
itshighestpoint,thevelocityiszerobuttheaccelerationisstilldirecteddownward.
PartC
Keepthefunctionx(t) = 8 t 2 t t intheExpressionEvaluator.Whatisthevalueofthepersons
accelerationa att = 2 s?
Usethegreyverticalbar.Slidethebaruntilitcoincideswitht
valuedisplayedintheaccelerationboxontheleftpanel?
onthehorizontalaxis.Whatisthe
= 2s
ANSWER:
4 m/s
ax
4 m/s
0
2 m/s
Correct
Thisisanexampleofonedimensionalmotionwithconstantacceleration.Thepositionofanobjectundergoing
thistypeofmotionobeysthekinematicequationx(t) = x 0 + v x,0 t + 1/2 a x t 2 .Inthiscase,theinitial
velocityisv x,0
andtheaccelerationisa x
= 8 m/s
= 4 m/s
(since1/2 a x
= 2 m/s
).
PartD
Inthepreviousquestion,thepersonhadaninitialvelocityof8 m/s andaconstantaccelerationof4 m/s 2 .How
wouldthemaximumdistancehetravelstotherightoftheoriginchangeifinsteadhisinitialvelocityweredoubled(
v x,0 = 16 m/s)?
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Ch02HW
GototheIntroductiontabtorunthesimulationusingthenewinitialvelocityv x,0 = 16 m/sandthesame
accelerationof4 m/s 2 ,andreadthevalueforpositionwhenthevelocityequalszero.Rememberto
removethewallsfromthesimulationbyclickingontheredclosebuttononthewalls.InPlaybackmodethe
simulationcanberunslowlyandpausedwhenthevelocityiszero.
Or,mathematically,determinehowlongittakesforthepersontostopandusethisvalueoftimeinthe
equationforx(t).
ANSWER:
Themaximumdistancewoulddouble.
Themaximumdistancewouldnotchange.
Themaximumdistancewouldincreasebyafactoroffour.
Correct
Becauseittakestwiceasmuchtimetomomentarilystop,andbecausehisaveragevelocitywillbetwiceas
fast,thedistancehetravelswillbefourtimesgreater.Usingthekinematicequation,
2
2
x(4 s) = (16 m/s) (4 s) (1/2) (4 m/s ) (4 s)
= 32 m .
PartE
Now,assumethatthepositionisgivenbytheequationx(t)
= 4t
EnterthisfunctionintheExpressionEvaluatorasx(t) = 4 t t t .RunthesimulationbyclickingthePlay
buttonintheRecordmodeforroughlythreesimulatedsecondsandthenclickthePausebutton.Nowtakealook
atthegraphs.Youwillhavetozoominhorizontally(bottomright),sothatyourrangecoverstwoseconds.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
ANSWER:
Thepositionisincreasingataconstantrate.
Thevelocityisincreasingataconstantrate.
Theaccelerationisincreasingataconstantrate.
Theaccelerationisconstantintime.
Correct
ThegraphshowingAccelerationvs.Timeisastraightlinethatisnothorizontal.
PartF
Whatisthepositionofthepersonwhent
= 1s
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Ch02HW
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterstoonesignificantfigure.
Youcansolvethismathematicallyusingtheexpressioninputforpositionasafunctionoftime,
x(t) = 4 t t t .
Alternatively,youcanputthesimulationinPlaybackmodeanddragthegreybox/bartot
theapproximatevalueforposition.
,thenread
= 1s
ANSWER:
4 m
Correct
Noticethatsincethepositionisgivenbyx
x = 4(1)
= 4t
,whenthetimeist
,thepositionis
= 1s
m = 4 m.
PartG
Whatisthevelocityofthepersonwhent
= 1s
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondtotwosignificantfigures.
Thevelocityisthefirstderivativeofpositionwithrespecttotime,v x
oftheexpressionofx(t)andevaluatewhent = 1 s.
.Youcantakethederivative
= dx/dt
theapproximatevalueforvelocity.
,thenread
= 1s
ANSWER:
12 m/s
Correct
Noticethatsincethepositionisgivenbyx(t) = 4t 3 ,thevelocity,whichisthefirstderivativeofpositionwith
respecttotime,isgivenbyv x = dx/dt = 12t 2.Sowhent = 1 s,v = 12 m/s.
PartH
Whatistheaccelerationofthepersonwhent
= 1s
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondsquaredtotwosignificantfigures.
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Ch02HW
Theaccelerationisthefirstderivativeofvelocitywithrespecttotime,a x
derivativeofpositionwithrespecttotime,a x
v x (t)andevaluatewhen t = 1 s.
= d
x/dt
orthesecond
= dv x /dt
.Youcantakethederivativeoftheexpressionof
theapproximatevalueforacceleration.
,thenread
= 1s
ANSWER:
24 m/s 2
Correct
Noticethatsincethepositionisgivenbyx = 4t 3 ,theacceleration,whichisthefirstderivativeofvelocity
withrespecttotime,isgivenbya x = dv x /dt = d(12t 2 )/dx = 24t.Sowhent = 1 s,a x = 24 m/s 2 .
Noticealsothattheaccelerationisproportionaltotime,whichexplainswhyitisincreasingataconstantrate
(asdiscoveredinpartG).
PhETInteractiveSimulations
UniversityofColorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
Problem2.28
Thefigureshowstheaccelerationgraphforaparticlethat
startsfromrestatt =0s .
PartA
Determinetheobject'svelocityattimest
0s ,2s ,4s ,6s ,and8s .
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.Enteryouranswersnumericallyseparatedbycommas.
24/33
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Ch02HW
ANSWER:
v(0), v(2), v(4), v(6), v(8)
= 0,5.0,20,30,30 m/s
Correct
Problem2.3
Juliedrives100mi toGrandmother'shouse.OnthewaytoGrandmother's,Juliedriveshalfthedistanceat40.0mph
andhalfthedistanceat60.0mph .Onherreturntrip,shedriveshalfthetimeat40.0mph andhalfthetimeat60.0
mph .
PartA
WhatisJulie'saveragespeedonthewaytoGrandmother'shouse?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
48.0mph
Correct
PartB
Whatisheraveragespeedonthereturntrip?
ANSWER:
50.0mph
Correct
Problem2.11
Thefigureshowsthevelocitygraphofaparticlemovingalongthexaxis.Itsinitialpositionisx 0 =
t =2 s ,whataretheparticle's(a)position,(b)velocity,and(c)acceleration?
att 0 =0 .At
2 m
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Ch02HW
PartA
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
x
= 6.0m
Correct
PartB
ANSWER:
vx
= 4.0
m
s
Correct
PartC
ANSWER:
ax
= 2.0
m
s
Correct
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Ch02HW
Problem2.12
Thevelocityversustimegraphisshownforaparticlemovingalongthexaxis.Itsinitialpositionisx 0 =3.0matt 0
= 0 s.
PartA
Whatistheparticle'spositionatt =
1.0 s ?
ANSWER:
x
= 7.0m
Correct
PartB
Whatistheparticle'svelocityatt =
1.0 s ?
ANSWER:
v
= 4.0
m
s
Correct
PartC
Whatistheparticle'saccelerationatt =
1.0 s ?
ANSWER:
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Ch02HW
= 0 s
Correct
PartD
Whatistheparticle'spositionatt =
3.0 s ?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
x
= 14.0m
Correct
PartE
Whatistheparticle'svelocityatt =
3.0 s ?
ANSWER:
v
m
= 2.0 s
Correct
PartF
Whatistheparticle'saccelerationatt =
3.0 s ?
ANSWER:
a
= 2.0
m
s
Correct
Problem2.17
Ballbearingsaremadebylettingsphericaldropsofmoltenmetalfallinsideatalltowercalledashottowerand
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5/6/2016
Ch02HW
solidifyastheyfall.
PartA
Ifabearingneeds4.20s tosolidifyenoughforimpact,howhighmustthetowerbe?
ANSWER:
86.4m
Correct
PartB
Whatisthebearing'simpactspeed?
ANSWER:
41.2
m
s
Correct
Problem2.24
Aparticlemovingalongthexaxishasitsvelocitydescribedbythefunctionv x =
positionisx 0 =1.7matt 0 =0s .
2t
,wheret isins .Itsinitial
m/s
PartA
At1.5s ,whatistheparticle'sposition?
ANSWER:
x
= 4.0m
Correct
PartB
At1.5s ,whatistheparticle'svelocity?
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Ch02HW
ANSWER:
v
m
= 4.5 s
Correct
PartC
At1.5s ,whatistheparticle'sacceleration?
ANSWER:
a
= 6.0
m
s
Correct
Problem2.43
Youaredrivingtothegrocerystoreat20m/s .Youare110mfromanintersectionwhenthetrafficlightturnsred.
Assumethatyourreactiontimeis0.50s andthatyourcarbrakeswithconstantacceleration.
PartA
Howfarareyoufromtheintersectionwhenyoubegintoapplythebrakes?
ANSWER:
s
= 100m
Correct
PartB
Whataccelerationwillbringyoutorestrightattheintersection?
ANSWER:
a
= 2.0 s
30/33
5/6/2016
Ch02HW
Correct
PartC
Howlongdoesittakeyoutostopafterthelightturnsred?
ANSWER:
t
= 11s
Correct
Problem2.52
Ahotelelevatorascends200
magnitudeof1.0 m/s 2 .
withmaximumspeedof5
m/s
.Itsaccelerationanddecelerationbothhavea
PartA
Howfardoestheelevatormovewhileacceleratingtofullspeedfromrest?
ANSWER:
12.5m
Correct
PartB
Howlongdoesittaketomakethecompletetripfrombottomtotop?
ANSWER:
45.0s
Correct
Problem2.55
31/33
5/6/2016
Ch02HW
Santaloseshisfootingandslidesdownafrictionless,snowyroofthatistiltedatanangleof30.0 .
PartA
IfSantaslides10.0mbeforereachingtheedge,whatishisspeedasheleavestheroof?
ANSWER:
9.90 m
s
Correct
Problem2.65
Davidisdrivingasteady21.0m/s whenhepassesTina,whoissittinginhercaratrest.Tinabeginstoaccelerateata
steady2.70m/s 2 attheinstantwhenDavidpasses.
PartA
HowfardoesTinadrivebeforepassingDavid?
ANSWER:
327m
Correct
PartB
Whatisherspeedasshepasseshim?
ANSWER:
42.0
m
s
Correct
Problem2.7
32/33
5/6/2016
Ch02HW
Thefollowingfigureisasomewhatidealizedgraphofthevelocityofbloodintheascendingaortaduringonebeatofthe
heart.
PartA
Approximatelyhowfar,incm,doesthebloodmoveduringonebeat?
ANSWER:
l
= 8.0cm
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis114%.
Youreceived85.07outofapossibletotalof85points,plus12.21pointsofextracredit.
33/33

Mastering Physics CH 02 HW College Physics I LCCC

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Mastering Physics CH 02 HW College Physics I LCCC

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5/6/2016

Inanx vs.t graph,then,theaveragevelocityequalstheslopeofthelineconnectingtheinitialandfinal

Basedonthisexpression,whathappensto|a x | ift increasesandalltheothervariablesremainconstant?

decreasesbecauseitisinverselyproportionaltoalinearfunctionoft thatincreasesast increases.

increasesbecauseitisinverselyproportionaltoalinearfunctionoft thatincreasesast increases.

decreasesbecauseitisinverselyproportionaltoalinearfunctionoft thatdecreasesast increases.

increasesbecauseitisinverselyproportionaltoalinearfunctionoft thatdecreasesast increases.

Answerintermsofv A ,v B ,DA ,andt fortime,andtakex

0s ,2s ,4s ,6s ,and8s .

,wheret isins .Itsinitial

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