PAPER PACKAGING- MANUFACTURING

DR. RENU KHEDKAR

HISTORY OF PAPER
 Papermaking traditionally traced to China. Cai Lun, an official with Imperial Court during Han dynasty created a
paper with mulberry and other plant fibers along with fishnets, old rags and hemp waste around 150 BC.
 After the defeat of Chinese in Battle of Talas in 751 AD, the technology spread to Middle East, in Samarkand in
Uzbekistan in 751, Baghdad by 793, in Egypt by 900, Morocco by 1100 and then in Europe.
 In India, paper making was introduced in eighth century with the conquest of Sind by Arabs. The first paper
industry was developed in Kashmir in 15th century.
 The Indian paper industry accounts for about 4% of the world’s production of paper amounting to 18 million
tonnes. The estimated turnover of the industry is INR 70,000 crore.
 The per capita paper consumption in India at around 14 kg, is way behind the global average of 57 kg.
 .Raw materials are wood, bamboo, recycled fibre, bagasse, wheat straw, rice husk, etc. In terms of share in total
production, approximately 25% are based on wood, 58% on recycled fibre and 17% on agro-residues
PAPER MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Wood chipping Stock

pulping preparation

Finishing Paper
Calendaring
making
WOOD CHIPPING

 Raw materials: Wood, recycled paper

and agricultural residues such as
bagasse, cereal straws, bamboo, jute,
flax, sisal
PULPING PROCESSES

Semi
Mechanical Chemical
Mechanical
• SGP • Kraft process • CTMP
• TMP • Sulphite • Yield 60-85%
• PGW process
• Yield ≥ 95% • Yield 40-55%
CHEMICAL PULPING

Kraft Process Sulphite Process

 Woodchips and chemicals ( NaOH + Na2S ) are
placed in digester and cooked at high temperatures
and pressure (160oC and 10 atmospheric pressure)
and separated into cellulosic fibers and lignin
 Is an alkaline process
 Yield strongest pulp
 Colour of pulp is brown
 Good chemical recovery
 Uses different chemicals depending on pH
 Cooking liquor consists of free sulphur dioxide
produced by sulphurous acid and buffered with
bisulphite of Ca, Mg, Na or NH4
 Produces brighter, softer and weaker pulp as
compared to Kraft process
STOCK PREPARATION

 Washing: The stock contains impurities, improper sized fractions. It is subjected to washing and screening
 Bleaching: The brown pulp after Kraft process is subjected to bleaching with chlorine, hypochlorite , chlorine
dioxide with caustic soda . The ECF ( Elemental Chlorine free) method is preferred to reduce environmental load
 Beating: For good quality paper, fiber matting is necessary for uniform sheet. The fibres are subjected to collision
and breaking up resulting in total individualization. Beating is necessary to improve strength and printing
properties

 Refining: In refining, through the action of mechanical work , the morphology and physico-chemical structure of
fibres is changed. Causes hydration, fibrillation and trimming . Affects the properties of porosity, density, length,
transparency.

 Mixing of additives: Additives such as fillers, pigments, colorants, resins, binding and sizing agents are added to
improve opacity, appearance, water absorption capacity, etc.
PAPER MAKING

 Fourdrinier machine is used for paper making. It

consists of three sections: i) Forming section, ii)
Press section and iii) drying section.
 Paper slurry containing 0.5-1% fiber is pumped
into a head box from where it moves onto moving
belt. Water is removed by draining and suction. It
is then pressed, heated and dried, forming a
continuous roll which moves through calendaring
rolls to give smoothness
FINISHING, SIZING AND COATING

 Finishing, Sizing and coating: After drying and calendaring, the paper can be sized and surface

coated. Common type of sizing consists of pigments and starches. It improves the protection from
liquids, oils, gases and chemicals and also improve the adhesion characteristics.