FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY

PRESENTATION ON

“ TRANSGENIC PLANTS”

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-

DR.NEHA SHARMA SHREYA JINDAL
A4345422052
TRANSGENIC PLANTS

CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION

• PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS

• METHODS

• EXAMPLES

• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

• REFERENCES

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 INTRODUCTION

Transgenic plants are the ones, whose DNA is

modified using genetic engineering techniques. The
aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which
does not occur naturally in the species. A transgenic
plant contains a gene or genes that have been
artificially inserted. The goal of introducing a gene
combination into a plant is to increase its
productivity and usefulness.

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PRESENTATION TITLE 4
 METHODS OF
GENE TRANSFER
There are two methods majorly which are used to transfer genes in plants. The
two methods include:

1. Agrobacterium mediates gene transfer

Agrobacterium tumifaciens is a plant pathogen. It is known to cause crown gall

disease, which is swelling in plants just above the soil level. After infecting the
plants, they transfer their genetic material to them, which eventually gets
incorporated into the plant genome.

For genetic engineering, the bacterium is incorporated with a Ti plasmid with

desirable genes and made to infect the plant.

The Ti plasmid is a tumour inducing circular plasmid, that transfers the host
chromosomes to the plants and is also responsible for causing the swelling.
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 2. Particle bombardment / Gene gun method
PRESENTATION TITLE

As the name suggests, in this method, the desired gene is coated in a gold or
tungsten particle and bombarded into the plant cells. Once bombarded, the
sequence is incorporated into the plant cells, which can be proliferated by tissue
culture methods.

3. Electroporation

Plant cell electroporation generally utilizes the protoplast because thick plant
cell walls restrict macromolecule movement.Electrical pulses are applied to a
suspension of protoplasts with DNA placed between electrodes in an
electroporation cuvette. Short high-voltage electrical pulses induce the
formation of transient micropores in cell membranes allowing DNA to enter the
cell and then the nucleus.
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 EXAMPLES OF
TRANSGENIC PLANTS

TRANSGENIC PLANTS

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TRANSGENIC PLANTS
ADVANTAGES
Improvement in Yield:
Gene technology plays important role in increasing
the productivity of food, fibre and vegetable crops
ensuring food security which is essential for
international peace and stability. Thus it is an
important mean to fight hunger.
Improvement in Insect and Disease Resistance:
In crop plants heavy yield losses are caused every
year due to insect and disease attack. Moreover,
insecticides and pesticides which are used to
control insects and diseases are expensive and have
adverse effects on other beneficial organisms
(parasites and predatory)
8 gene technology.
Improvement in Quality:
The quality is adjudged in three ways, viz.,
nutritional quality, market (keeping) quality
and industrial quality. Gene technology has
helped in improving all these three types of
quality in different crops. For example, gene
technology has made it possible to delay
the ripening and softening of tomatoes
resulting in safe transport and longer
storage.
Resistance to Abiotic Stresses:
The gene technology can also be used for
developing crop cultivars tolerant to
environmental or abiotic stresses such as
drought, soil salinity, soil acidity, cold, frost
etc. Efforts are being made to develop
varieties resistant to abiotic stresses using
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
Herbicide Resistance:
In crop plants, weeds cause heavy yield losses
and also adversely affect the quality of
produce. The genetic resistance is the
cheapest and the best way of solving this
problem.
Industrial Products:
Gene technology has great potential for the
production of biodegradable plastics,
obtaining therapeutic proteins,
pharmaceuticals and edible vaccines from
transgenic plants. It may also help in
producing biodiesel or petroleum products
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Salt Tolerance-
A large fraction of the world's
irrigated crop land is so laden with
salt that it cannot be used to grow
most important crops. However,
researchers at the University of
California Davis campus have
created transgenic tomatoes that
grow well in saline soils. The
transgene was a highly-expressed
sodium/proton antiport pump that
sequestered excess sodium in the
vacuole of leaf cells. There was no
sodium buildup in the fruit.
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
Nutritional benefits
Vitamin A deficiency causes half a million
children to become partially or totally blind each
year.13, 14, 15 Milled rice is the staple food for a
large fraction of the World's human population.
Traditional breeding methods have been
unsuccessful in producing crops, containing a
high concentration of vitamin A. Researchers
have introduced three genes into rice: two from
daffodils and one from a microorganism. The
transgenic rice exhibits an increased production
of beta-carotene as a precursor to vitamin A and
the seed is yellow in color.16 Such yellow, or
golden, rice may be a useful tool to treat the
problem of vitamin A deficiency in young
children living in the tropics.
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Therapeutic proteins from transgenic plants
Proteins of therapeutic importance, like
those used in the treatment, diagnosis of
human diseases can be produced in plants,
using recombinant DNA technology. The
proteins produced in transgenic plants
for therapeutic use, are of three types – (i)
antibodies, (b) proteins and (iii) vaccines.
Antibodies directed against dental
caries, rheumatoid arthritis, cholera, E.
coli diarrhea, malaria, certain cancers,
HIV, rhinovirus, influenza, hepatitis B
virus and herpes simplex virus are known to
be produced in transgenic plants.
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DISADVANTAGES
• GM crops disrupt the natural process of gene flow because the “better” traits
produced from engineering genes can result in the favouring of one organism.Cost
of cultivation is increased.

• It endangers farmers and trade along with the environment.

• It is more inclined towards marketization of farming that works on immoral profits.

• Genetically Modified crops being altered biologically may pose a human health
risk.

• The excessive production of GM foods will be rendered ineffective over time

because the pests that these toxins used to deter eventually might develop resistance
towards them.
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 REFERENCES
TRANSGENIC PLANTS

• https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General
_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/11%3A_Genomics/11.06%3A_Transge
nic_Plants
• https://genesandnutrition.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s
12263-012-0315-5
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22357214/
• http://eagri.org/eagri50/GPBR311/lec24.pdf
• https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Transgenic_plant

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THANK YOU