Kurikulum: The

Foundation of Learning
Whether you’re a student, teacher, or parent, understanding the
basics of kurikulum is essential for success in today's world. From the
components to the importance of adaptation and its impact on
students, let's dive into the world of kurikulum.

by Elli Nur Indah Sari

Components of Kurikulum
Kurikulum, as described by Ralph Tyler, consists of four key components that serve as the basis for a
student's learning journey: goals, content, methods, and evaluation. These components can be
classified into three categories: learning goals/content, pedagogical guidance, and assessment
guidelines.

1 Goals/Content

Determining what students need to learn.

2 Pedagogical Guidance

Determining how students will learn.

3 Assessment Guidelines

Determining how to evaluate learning outcomes.

The Role of Kurikulum
Curriculum serves as a guide for teachers and provides a framework for learning. It
plays a vital role in the national education system by guiding the learning process and
facilitating student development. The role and function of kurikulum can be optimized
through transmitting relevant values and culture, developing skills and knowledge, and
selecting relevant aspects for social control.

Transmitting Culture and Values Developing Skills and

Knowledge

Developing cultural and ethical Providing students with relevant

education. knowledge and skills.

Contextual Social Control

Helping students navigate a rapidly changing and complex world.

The Importance of Competencies
The OECD's Education 2030 projection places great emphasis on developing competencies,
including cognitive, attitudinal, psychomotor, and value-based skills.

Cognitive Skills Attitudinal Skills Psychomotor Skills

Thinking, understanding, and Maintaining positive attitudes Mastery of bodily movements.

processing information. and values.
Transformative Learning
Fostering transformative competencies requires a lifelong learning cycle of anticipation, action, and
reflection. One effective way to achieve the desired competencies is through the Inquiry Learning
Cycle, which stimulates students' curiosity and drives their learning.

1 Anticipation

Questioning and wondering.

2 Action

Acting on the questions and ideas.

3 Reflection

Reflecting on the process and outcomes.

Kurikulum Adaptation
The current educational landscape requires the adaptation of kurikulum to contemporary issues
such as climate change, digital technology, multinational industries, and cultural transformations. To
ensure its effectiveness, kurikulum must be adapted to the current context.

Climate Change Digital Technology

Multinational Industries Cultural Transformations

Ki Hadjar Dewantara's Vision
According to Dewantara, education's role is to guide children's inherent potential and enable them
to achieve the highest level of well-being and happiness as individuals and members of society. One
way to achieve this is through the creation of students who positively impact themselves and their
environment.

1 Focus on Character 2 Empowering 3 Well-being and

Development Students Happiness

Based on Pancasila To positively impact As individuals and

Values. their environment and society members.
society.
Designing Kurikulum
The design of a kurikulum should always consider students' needs, experiences, learning outcomes,
and interests. Collaboration among all stakeholders is key to achieve the desired competencies.

Teachers Parents Government Bodies

• Facilitate appropriate • Understand their • Keep up with
learning experiences. children's students' evolving
development and needs.
needs.
Adapting Kurikulum: The KOSP
Approach
The KOSP (Operational Curriculum for Educational Institutions) is designed to meet the specific
needs of students. To ensure the effectiveness of the KOSP, it must be adapted to the context of
educational institutions and consider factors such as school conditions, geographical location,
student diversity, and the school's environment and ecosystem.

1 Characteristics of the Institution

Physical and Geographical context.

2 Vision, Mission, and Goals

Alignment with the school's objectives.

3 Learning Planning

Learning objectives, assessment, and curriculum planning.

4 Organizing Learning

Curriculum content, workload, and extracurricular activities.