1

2
COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL PIPE WATER COURSE DESIGN
AND PROPOSED SYSTEM OF SELECTED
IN DISTRICT BUNER KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

Presented By
Engr. Aizaz Ahmad

MSc Soil and Water Engineering

Supervised By

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal

Presentation Contents 3

 Introduction
 Problem Statement
 Objective
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Conclusion and Recommendations
4
5
 INTRODUCTION 6
 Pakistan being an Agricultural country possesses land area of 79.6 million hectares. Out of
this area, only 22.68 million hectares (28.5%) is cultivated mainly due to shortage of
irrigation water.

 75% of the cultivated area (i.e. 17.01 million hectares) is irrigated.

 While remaining 25% (i.e. 5.67 million hectares) is rain fed. (Land utilization Statistics,
1999).
 INTRODUCTION Cont. . . . . 7
 Area irrigated by canals (registered / unregistered) is 6.40 million hectares.
(i.e. 34.27%)

 While remaining 65.7% of agriculture land is irrigated through other sources mainly by lift
irrigation which need proper design and management.

 Even this percentage is increased up to 68.8% covering 13.31 million hectares of area as per
agriculture statistics of Pakistan.

 Overall details of all Provinces of Pakistan Irrigated Areas by different sources are shown in
Table 1 .
 INTRODUCTION Cont. . . . .
8
Table 1 Area Irrigated by Different Sources (in million hectares).
Sr.no Year Province Canal Tube wells Wells Others Total
Area
1 Punjab 3.35 10.54 0.57 0.18 14.42
2 Sindh 1.73 0.36 -- -- 2.09
3 2010-11 KPK 0.75 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.92
4 Baluchistan 0.57 0.56 0.08 0.03 1.24

Total 6.40 12.27 18.67

1 Punjab 3.31 11.62 0.4 0.14 15.47
2 Sindh 1.29 0.36 -- -- 1.65
3 2019-20 KPK 0.70 0.1 0.05 0.07 0.94
4 Baluchistan 0.73 .45 .06 -- 1.28

Total 6.03 13.31 19.34

 PROBLEM STATEMENT
9
Problems in Conventional System

Faulty Design

wrong selection of equipment

Improper installation of pipelines

poor operation and maintenance of equipment

 OBJECTIVES 10

 To design a proposed system as per irrigation requirements.

 To compare cost analysis of conventional tube well irrigation system with proposed system for
evaluation.

 Operational cost comparison and recommendation of both conventional and proposed system.
 Materials and Methods 11

 In order to Design a Proposed system one should have to ensure the input data i.e. Irrigation
Depth, Irrigation interval, crop water requirements (CWR), Total available water (TAW),
Management allowed deficit (MAD), Available water holding capacity (AWHC) and effective
rooting depth of specific crop.
 So before comparison of conventional and proposed system the designer should have through
knowledge of soil water plant relationships.
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 12

Water Holding Capacity of Soil

 The amount of water which a soil can hold is called its water holding capacity.
 The capacity of soil to retain water between field capacity and permanent wilting point is
called its available water holding capacity (AWHC) (Keller and Bliesner, 1990).
 It is usually expressed in depth of water held in unit depth of soil.
 Table 2 gives the average values of available water holding capacities (AWHC) of different
soils as.
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 13
Table 2 Range in AWHC of soils of Different textures
Water-holding capacity
Soil Texture
Range mm/m Average mm/m
1. Very coarse texture- very coarse sands 33 to 62 42

2. Coarse texture-coarse sand, fine sands and loamy sands 62 to 104 83

3. Moderately coarse texture-sandy loams 104 to 145 125

4. Medium texture-very fine sandy loams and silty loams 125 to 192 167

5. Moderately fine texture-clay loams, silty clay loams and 145 to 208 183
sandy clay loams

6. Fine texture-sandy clay, silty clay and clay 133 to 208 192

7.Peats and mucks 167 to 250 208

 Materials and Methods Cont.… 14

Total Available Water (TAW)

 Total available water for plant use is the difference between Moisture content at field capacity
and permanent wilting point. i.e.
(1)
Where,
 TAW = Total available water (mm/m)
 AWHC = Water holding capacity of soil (mm/m)
 Effective rooting depth depends upon plants which may be shallow rooted, medium or deep
rooted crops (Belay et al.). Different crops and their rooting depth are shown in Table 3
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 15

Total Available Water (TAW)

Table 3 approximate root depth of the major field crops
Shallow rooting Shallow rooting Shallow rooting
Crops Crops Crops

Depth Depth Depth

Major crops Major crops Major crops
(cm) (cm) (cm)

Onions, Potatoes, Banana, Sugar Maize, citrus,

Carrots, mostly beet, Sunflower, cotton
30-60 vegetables 50-100 tobacco 90-150 Mostly Orchards
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 16
Management Allowed Deficit (MAD)
 Management allowed deficit (MAD) refers to allowed depletion of soil moisture before next
irrigation.

 A general rule is that moisture level should not fall below 50% of available soil moisture
within the root zone.
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 17
Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0):
 Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) has divided the country into ten agro-
ecological zones for which monthly ET0 has been calculated.

 These agro ecological zones are given in Table 4 & 5.

 Materials and Methods Cont.… 18
Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0):
Table 4 Agro Ecological Zones of Pakistan
Zone No Zone Name Areas included

I Indus Delta Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad

II Southern irrigated Plain Dadu, Rahim Yar Khan, Shikarpur, Thatta

IIIa and IIIb Sandy Desert Muzaffargarh, Mianwali, Sargodha

IVa and IVb Northern Irrigated Plain Multan, Sahiwal, Lahore, Kasur, Faisalabad

V Barani Lands Attock, Abbotabad, Rawalpindi, Sialkot

VI Wet Mountains Hazara, Mansehra

Dir, Swat Malakand Agency, Chitral, Gilgit
VII Northern Dry Mountains
Baltistan, Bajaur

VIII Western Dry Mountains Bannu, Kohat, Sibi, Quetta, Karachi

IX Dry Western Plateau Mekran, Kharan, Chaghi, Lasbella

X Sulaiman Piedmont DG Khan, Kacchi

 Materials and Methods Cont.… 19
Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0):
Table 5 Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Month (mm/Day)
Agro
Ecological
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Zone

I 3.55 4.50 6.61 8.60 11.52 10.90 9.10 8.10 8.00 6.61 4.50 3.71

II 3.16 4.25 6.32 8.47 11.00 11.07 9.23 8.13 7.60 6.16 4.13 3.19

III a 3.06 4.21 6.19 8.50 10.81 11.20 9.29 8.29 7.60 6.00 4.10 3.10

III b 1.81 2.71 4.00 6.40 8.61 9.20 7.61 6.52 5.80 4.52 2.70 1.90

IV a 1.74 2.64 4.03 6.10 7.68 8.57 7.06 6.32 5.70 4.29 2.63 1.84

IV b 1.68 2.29 3.19 4.50 7.29 8.40 7.39 6.29 5.00 3.90 2.60 1.81

V 1.77 2.75 3.84 5.87 7.84 8.50 6.71 5.84 5.20 4.06 2.77 1.84

VI 1.84 3.11 4.00 6.50 8.90 10.10 7.10 5.71 5.30 4.29 3.20 2.10

VII 0.77 1.14 2.03 3.13 4.16 5.07 5.06 4.71 3.80 2.45 1.40 0.84

VIII 1.61 2.25 3.45 4.73 6.29 7.33 7.19 6.55 5.47 4.06 2.60 1.74

IX 2.45 3.18 4.39 5.83 7.23 7.80 7.52 6.90 5.80 4.58 3.33 2.55

X 1.68 2.39 3.71 5.20 6.81 6.90 6.29 6.00 5.10 3.81 2.30 1.61
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 20
Crop Water Requirement (CWR):
 Crop water requirement for a particular crop is the evapotranspiration of the crop and is
calculated by
(2)
Where,
Kc = Crop coefficient depend upon plant growth stage
ET0 = reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 21
Crop coefficient (Kc):
 Crop coefficient depend upon plant growth stage. It has generally four stages i.e.
initial stage, developmental stage, mid-season stage, late season stage and harvesting
stage.

 Kc for different crops with their different growth stages are shown in Table 6.
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 22
Table 6 Kc values for different crops at different stages

Sr.no Crop Initial Development Middle Late Harvest

1 Amaranathus 0.7 0.9 1 1 0.95
2 Ashgourd 0.6 0.9 1 0.8
3 Banana 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.85 1.0-1.1 0.9-1.0 0.7-0.8
4 Barley 0.3 0.9 1.15 1 0.25
5 Beans 0.3-0.4 0.65-0.75 0.95-1.05 0.9-0.95 0.85-0.95
6 Berry 0.3 0.75 1.05 1.05 0.5
7 Brinjal 0.6 0.9 1.05 1.05 0.9
8 Cabbage 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 0.95-1.1 0.9-1.0 0.8-0.95
9 Carnation 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7
10 Carrot 0.7 0.9 1.05 0.95 0.95
11 Castor 0.35 0.8 1.15 1.1 0.55
12 Cauliflower 0.7 0.9 1.05 0.95 0.95
13 Celery 0.7 0.9 1.05 1 1
14 Chillies 0.3 0.5 0.75 1 1
15 Chrysanthiumum 0.3 0.55 0.7 0.85 0.8
16 Citrus 0.4 0.6 0.75 0.65 0.65
17 Cocoa 0.8 1 1.05 1.05 1.05
18 Coffee 0.9 0.9 0.95 0.95 0.95
19 Cotton 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.25 0.8-0.9 0.65-0.7
20 Cucumber 0.6 0.9 1 1 0.9
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 23
Table 6 Kc values for different crops at different stages

Sr. No Crop Initial Development Middle Late Harvest

21 Date 0.95 0.95 1 1 1
22 Garlic 0.7 0.9 1 1 0.7
23 Gerbera 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
24 Grapes 0.35-0.55 0.6-0.8 0.7-0.9 0.6-0.8 0.55-0.7
25 Greengram 0.4 0.9 1.05 1 0.6
26 Groundnut 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 0.95-1.1 0.75-0.85 0.55-0.6
27 Jasmine 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7
28 Jute 0.35 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.95
29 Lady Fingure 0.7 0.8 1 1 0.9
30 Lawn Grasses 0.8 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
31 Lentil 0.4 0.9 1.1 1 0.3
32 Maize, Sweet 0.3-0.5 0.7-0.9 1.05-1.2 1.0-1.15 0.95-1.1
33 Maize, Grain 0.3-0.5 0.7-0.85 1.05-1.2 0.8-0.95 0.55-0.6
34 Mango 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.85 0.5
35 MerGold 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8
36 Minor Millets 0.3 0.7 1 1 0.3
37 Mulberry 0.4 0.7 1 1 0.9
38 Oilpalm 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9
39 Onion 0.4-0.6 0.7-0.8 0.95-1.1 0.85-0.9 0.75-0.85
40 Other pulses 0.4 0.9 1.15 1 0.35
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 24
Table 6 Kc values for different crops at different stages
Sr. No Crop Initial Development Middle Late Harvest
41 Pastures 0.4 0.6 0.9 1 1.2
42 Pea 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.85 1.05-1.2 1.0-1.15 0.95-1.1
43 Pepper 0.3-0.4 0.6-0.75 0.95-1.1 0.85-1.0 0.8-0.9
44 Pineapple 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4
45 Pomegranate 0.5 0.7 0.75 0.75 0.75
46 Potato 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.85-0.95 0.7-0.75
47 Pudina 0.6 0.8 1.15 1.15 1.1
48 Rapeseed 0.35 0.7 1 1.15 0.35
49 Rice 1.1-1.15 1.1-1.15 1.1-1.3 0.95-1.05 0.95-1.05
50 Rose 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
51 Saflower 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.65-0.7 0.2-0.25
52 Sesamum 0.35 1 1.1 1 0.25
53 Sisal 0.35 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5
54 Sorghum 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.75 1.0-1.15 0.75-0.8 0.5-0.55
55 Soyabean 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.0-1.15 0.7-0.8 0.4-0.5
56 Squash 0.6 0.9 0.95 0.95 0.75
57 Strawberry 0.4 0.8 0.85 0.8 0.75
58 Sugarcane 0.4-0.5 0.7-1.0 1.0-1.3 0.75-0.8 0.5-0.6
59 Sunflower 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.7-0.8 0.35-0.45
60 Sweetcorn 0.3 0.7 1.15 1.1 1.05
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 25
Table 6 Kc values for different crops at different stages

Sr. No Crop Initial Development Middle Late Harvest

61 Sweet Melon 0.5 0.75 1.05 1.05 0.75

62 Sweet Potato 0.5 0.9 1.15 1 0.65
63 Tapioca 0.3 0.75 1.1 1.1 0.5
64 Tobacco 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.0-1.2 0.9-1.0 0.75-0.85
65 Tomato 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.25 0.8-0.95 0.6-0.65
66 Watermelon 0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8 0.95-1.05 0.8-0.9 0.65-0.75
67 Wheat 0.3-0.4 0.7-0.8 1.05-1.2 0.65-0.75 0.2-0.25
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 26
Irrigation Depth (Id)
 The maximum net depth of irrigation (Id) to be applied at each irrigation is equal to maximum
allowable depletion of available water from the root zone. It is calculated by
(3)
where
TAW = Total available water
MAD = management allowed deficit in %
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 27
Irrigation Interval (Ii):
: The irrigation interval refers to time period between successive irrigation during peak water
requirements. It is given by as

(4)

Where Peak CWR is the maximum evaporation rate at maturity of crop

 Materials and Methods Cont.… 28
Discharge Calculation
 The discharge can be calculated by as

(5)
Where,
Q = Discharge in LPS
A = area in hectares
Id = Irrigation depth in mm
Ii = irrigation interval in days
H = pumping hours
E = application efficiency (60-70%)
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 29
Pipe Diameter calculation:
 Pipe diameter can be calculated from following formula

(6)
Where,
D = Pipe diameter in mm
Q = Discharge in lps
V = Velocity in m/sec
The velocity range within pipe is 1-1.5 m /sec (Keller and Bliesner, 1990)
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 30
Power Calculation
:  Power requirements can be calculated from following formulae.
:
(7)

Where,
Q = discharge in lps
Ht = total dynamic head in meters
BHP = Break horsepower
Eff = efficiency of pumping unit
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 31
Total Dynamic Head (H):
:  Total dynamic Head (H) is the total vertical head energy in terms of unit length which a
: pumping unit should be capable to fulfill to delivered the specific discharge to a desired
location.
 It is mainly divided in three sub parts i.e.
H = Z + HL + hf (8)
Where,
H = total dynamic head in meters
Z = elevation difference between pumping unit and field point (meters)
HL = Frictional head loss in meters
hf = minor losses (15% of HL)
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 32
Frictional Head Loss (HL)

 The loss of head due to resistance to flow through pipes is frictional head loss.
 Numbers of equation are developed for calculating frictional head loss.
 Hazen William equation are most commonly used.(Keller and Bliesner, 1990)
(9)
Where,
K = 1.21 X 1010
Q = Discharge in LPS
L = Length of Pipe (meters)
D = inside diameter of Pipe (mm)
HL = Frictional head loss (meter)
C = coefficient of friction of pipe material, constant
 Materials and Methods Cont.… 33
Frictional Head Loss (HL)
 Typical values of C for different material in Hazen-William are given in Table 7

Table 7 values of C in Hazen-William equation for different material

Sr. No Material C - value

1 Pipe Plastic 150

2 Cement asbestos 140

3 Aluminum 130

4 Galvanized Steel 130

5 Galvanized Iron 120

 Materials and Methods Cont.… 34
Frictional Head Loss (HL)

Minor Losses (Hf)

 Minor losses in the pipelines are caused by abrupt changes in velocities or direction of flow,
presence of bends, valves and fittings in pipes. Usually it is taken as 15% of frictional head
loss.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 35
MEASURED DATA
 Measurement were carried out according to the procedures as discussed in Chapter 3, i.e. two
sites were selected in District Buner Tehsil Gagra for analysis and evaluation of Field data.
The details of which are thoroughly discuss as under

 T/W W/C Hameed Ullah.

 T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel.

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 36
…
T/W W/C Hameed Ullah

 T/W W/C Hameed Ullah is located in village Barkaly Tehsil Gagra District Buner having
coordinates N 34.44468 E 72.46940 having Cultivable Command Area of 0.77 hectares.
Command area with GPS coordinates on Water Source (Tube well) is shown in figure 1.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 37
…
T/W W/C Hameed Ullah

Figure 1 Command Area of T/W W/C Hameed Ullah

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 38
Cont.…
T/W W/C Hameed Ullah

 Upon evaluating, the system designs were found to be feasible and economical and also
farmer friendly for irrigations of system. Summary of evaluation are thoroughly describe in
Table 8.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 39
T/W W/C Hameed Ullah …
Table 8 Evaluation of T/W W/C Hameed Ullah
Sr. No Design Parameters Hydraulic Design System Design 1 System Design 2
(OFWM Design) Based on CWR Based On CWR
1 ET0(mm/day) N/A 4.71 4.71

2 Soil Type N/A Silt Loam Silt Loam

3 Kc N/A 1.05 1.05
4 CWR N/A 4.95 4.95
5 Crop Type Maize / Wheat Maize / Wheat Maize / Wheat
6 Effective rooting depth N/A 1.20 1.20
(meter)
7 Irrigation Depth (mm) N/A 100.2 100.2
8 Irrigation interval (days) N/A 20.26 20.26
9 Pumping Hours 1.75 2.50 2.50
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 40
…
Table 8 Evaluation of T/W W/C Hameed Ullah
Sr. No Design Parameters Hydraulic Design System Design 1 System Design 2
(OFWM Design) Based on CWR Based On CWR
Design Discharge 10.87 6.51 6.51
10
(LPS)
Measured Discharge 13 6.51 6.51
11
(LPS)

12 Velocity (m/sec) 1.50 1.50 1.50

13 Outside Diameter of Pipe (mm) 110 90 90

Total Head 25 25 25
14
(TDH in meter)

15 Combine Efficiency (%) 0.2 0.2 0.2

16 HP requirement as per Design 20 12.50 12.50

17 Cost estimate 4,18,504 2,92,152 2,70,955

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 41
…
T/W W/C Hameed Ullah

 So by implementing propose system 1 estimated cost can be reduce by 30%, while on

implementing propose system 2 estimated cost reduce by 35%.
 The layout for operating irrigation points / Riser point with equal zoning is shown in
Fig 4.40
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 42
…

Figure 2 Irrigation Layout of T/W W/C Hameed Ullah

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 43
Irrigation intervals …
 In order to make design implementation farmer friendly irrigation interval for whole
season is also provided in Table 9.0.
Operational time Irrigation Interval No of irrigation per
Sr.no Months
Per Riser (Hr) Days month
1 January 0.5 123 1
2 February 0.5 73.2 N/A
3 March 0.5 66 1
4 April 0.5 128 N/A
5 May Fallow Period
6 June 0.5 40 1
7 July 0.5 24 1
8 August 0.5 20 2
9 September 0.5 27 1
10 October 0.5 68 1
11 November 0.5 178 N/A
12 December 0.5 149 N/A
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont.… 44
Operational and maintenance cost of T/W W/C Hameed Ullah
 So by implementing proposed system operational and maintenance cost can further be reduce by
10%.
Table 9.0 Operational and maintenance Cost of T/W W/C Hameed Ullah
Sr.no Operational Cost Parameters Conventional Proposed System 1 & Proposed
(OFWM Design) System 2

1 Operating time (Hrs.) 14 20

2 Power consumption 20.0 12.50

HP
3 Power consumption 14.92 9.325
KW
4 Total units in KWh 208.88 186.5

5 Average fuel consumption / KWh 0.4 0.4

for engine

6 Total fuel consumption in liters 83.55 74.6

7 Fuel price per litre in PKR 280 280

8 Total fuel price 23,394 20,888

9 Maintenance Cost 9357 8,355
32,752
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 45
…
T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel

 T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel is located in village Amnawar Tehsil Gagra District Buner
having coordinates N 34.519334 E 72.547945 having Cultivable Command Area of
2.48 Hectares. Command area with GPS coordinates on Water Source (Tube well) is
shown in figure 3.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 46
T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel …

Figure 3 Command Area of T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 47
…
T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel

 Upon evaluating, the system designs were found to be feasible and economical and
also farmer friendly for irrigations of system. Summary of evaluation are thoroughly
describe in Table 10.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont.… 48
Table 11 Evaluation of T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel

Sr. No Design Parameters Hydraulic Design System Design 1 System Design 2

(OFWM Design) Based on CWR Based On CWR
1 ET0(mm/day) N/A 4.71 4.71
Soil Type N/A Silt Loam Silt Loam
2
Kc N/A 1.05 1.05
3
CWR N/A 4.95 4.95
4
5 Crop Type Maize / Wheat Maize / Wheat Maize / Wheat

6 Effective rooting depth (meter) N/A 1.20 1.20

7 Irrigation Depth (mm) N/A 100.2 100.2

8 Irrigation interval (days) N/A 20.26 20.26

9 Pumping Hours 10.20 7.00 7.00

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont.… 49

Table 11 Evaluation of T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel

Sr. No Design Parameters Hydraulic Design System Design 1 System Design 2
(OFWM Design) Based on CWR Based On CWR
Design Discharge 9.70 7.49 7.49
10 (LPS)

Measured Discharge 9.00 7.49 7.49

11 (LPS)

12 Velocity (m/sec) 1.50 1.50 1.50

Outside Diameter of Pipe (mm) 110 90 90
13
Total Head 50 54 54
14
(TDH in meter)
15 Combine Efficiency (%) 0.55 0.55 0.55
HP requirement as per Design 12.5 10.00 10.00
16

17 Cost estimate 14, 52, 208 10.49,199 9.67.484

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 50
T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel …
 So by implementing propose system 1 design the estimated cost reduces by 27%
while for propose system 2 it can be reduce to 33% of the said estimated cost.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont.… 51
Irrigation intervals (for whole year)
 In order to make design implementation farmer friendly irrigation interval for whole
season is also provided in Table 12.
Operational time Irrigation Interval No of irrigation per
Sr.no Months
Per Riser (Hr) Days month

1 January 0.5 123 1

2 February 0.5 73.2 N/A
3 March 0.5 66 1
4 April 0.5 128 N/A
5 May Fallow Period
6 June 0.5 40 1
7 July 0.5 24 1
8 August 0.5 20 2
9 September 0.5 27 1
10 October 0.5 68 1
11 November 0.5 178 N/A
0.5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Cont. 52
…T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel
Operational and Maintenance of
 So by implementing proposed system operational and maintenance cost can be reduce by 44%.

Table 13 Operational and maintenance Cost of T/W W/C Abdul Wakeel

Sr.no Operational Cost Parameters Conventional Proposed System 1 &

(OFWM Design) Proposed System 2
1 Operating time (Hrs.) 10.2 7.00
2 Power consumption 12.50 10.00

HP
3 Power consumption 9.325 7.46
KW
4 Total units in KWh 96 53

5 Average cost in PKR/ KWh 16.6 16.6

for motor
8 Operational Cost 1594 880
9 Maintenance Cost 638 352
10 Total Cost 22,32 1232
 Conclusion and Recommendation 53

 The conventional OFWM design make the design expensive by 30 – 35%.

 Need soil study and implementation of Evapotranspiration (ET0) and crop water requirement (CWR) to
have an idea about when to irrigate and how much to irrigate and how much area can be irrigated from
a specific measured discharge.
 Need proper area calculation of specific site using GPS to have an idea that weather the measured area
can be irrigated from the said measured discharge or not.
 Need replacement of Irrigation Point / Riser point from G.I material to UPVC Pipe material with
handle value will help the system farmer friendly. Also farmer community is complaining that the riser
point with G.I pipe material is often stolen by Thieves.
 Needs farmer guidance to grow cash crop as per weather conditions
 Future Recommendation and Short comings in present
management practices 54
 In present research works ET0 values are taken from agro ecological zones of Pakistan by FAO and
implemented which may needs proper adjustment and calculation as ET 0 value may differ from District
to District and Tehsil to Tehsil all over KPK.
 In present work no care is taken about Ground water study and recharge which needs to be taken under
consideration as in present practices farmers community is discharging their tube wells / dug wells not
only for their area and crops but also the adjacent area of another farmer is continuously irrigated from
10-12 hrs. per day in dry seasons. So it may need proper study about ground water recharge that
weather the said area is receiving proper recharge or not. Government agencies should worked to have
a balance of discharge and recharge.
 Need implementation of Boarder / Basin and Furrow Design system in order to increase irrigation
efficiency and to save water.
References
1) Crops Area and Production of Pakistan (By Districts), Volume I, Food and Cash Crops (1981-82 to 2008-09). 55
2) Land Utilization Statistics of Pakistan (1999).

3) Akbar, G., Ahmad, M.M., Ghafoor, A., Khan, M., Islam, Z., 2016. Irrigation efficiencies potential under surface irrigated farms
in Pakistan. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 35, 15–24.

4) Agriculture statistics of Pakistan. Area irrigated by different sources (2010-11 to 2019-20)

5) Plaster, E., 2013. Soil science and management. Cengage learning.

6) Belay, Z., Nega, H., Bantero, B., Demie, A., Mossie, B., Mekonnen, D., Negash, N., Aynekulu, S., Alemayehu, M., Abebe, M.,
Fentahun, G., 2019. On-Farm Water Management Training Manual 158.

7) Walker, W., Skogerboe, G., 1987. Surface irrigation: theory and practice prentice–hall. Inc. Englewood cliffs. New Jersey.

8) Hargreaves, G.H., Patwardhan, M.M.,. A Crop Water Evaluation Manual for India.

9) Hussain, A., Bangash, R., 2017. Impact of Climate Change on Crops’ Productivity across Selected Agro-ecological Zones in
Pakistan.

10) Keller, J., Bliesner, R.D., 1990. Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation. Springer US, Boston, MA.
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