9 Acids and Alkalis 中 /EN

Flipped classroom

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9.3 Neutralization

A. Mixing acids and

alkalis

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9.3 Neutralization

1. What is neutralization?

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9.3 Neutralization

The hair may become tangled

after shampooing.

What is the purpose of using hair

conditioner after shampooing?

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9.3 Neutralization

Some hair conditioners contain a mild acid

can neutralize the mild alkali in the
shampoos
makes hair easier to comb

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9.3 Neutralization

Shampoos usually Hair conditioners usually

contain a mild alkali. contain a mild acid.

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9.3 Neutralization

Acids and alkalis react with each other

when they are mixed together
chemical reaction called
neutralization

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9.3 Neutralization

Neutralization
change the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution
change the pH value of the solution

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

Studying the change of pH

value during neutralization

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

Part A: Using universal indicator

1.
10 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid

white tile

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

2.
two drops of universal
indicator solution

shake

dilute hydrochloric acid

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

3. Observe the colour of the solution and

compare it to the pH colour chart. Record
the pH value of the solution.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH value

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

4.
1 cm3 of dilute sodium
hydroxide solution

dilute hydrochloric shake

acid with universal
indicator solution

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

5. Observe the colour of the solution and

compare it to the above pH colour chart.
Record the pH value of the solution.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

6. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until 15 cm3 of dilute

sodium hydroxide solution has been
added.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

7. Plot the pH value of solution against

volume of alkali added.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

Results

Volume of
alkali added 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(cm3)
pH value of
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 13 13 13 13 13
solution
(The data is for reference only.)

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

Change of pH value of the solution against the volume of alkali added

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

Part B: Using a data-logger with a pH sensor

(Demonstration)
8. Set up the apparatus as shown in the next
slide.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

dilute sodium
hydroxide
solution burette

pH sensor
10 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid

data-logger

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

9. Add 15 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide

solution to dilute hydrochloric acid.
10. Observe the graph displayed on the
computer screen.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
1. How does the pH value of the solution
change as sodium hydroxide solution is
added?
The pH value increases.
_________________________________

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
2. At pH = 7  sodium hydroxide solution
completely neutralizes hydrochloric acid.
How much sodium hydroxide solution is
needed to neutralize 10 cm3 of
hydrochloric acid?
10 cm
_________________________________
3

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.6 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
3. Suggest ONE advantage of using a data-
logger with pH sensor in measuring the
pH value of a solution.
It can help monitor the change in pH value
__________________________________
of the solution during the experiment. The
__________________________________
results are more accurate and the pH curve
__________________________________
is plotted automatically.
__________________________________
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9.3 Neutralization

2. Products formed during

neutralization

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9.3 Neutralization

Substances which take part in a chemical

reaction  reactants

Substances formed  products

Neutralization
Reactants Products
acid + alkali ?

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

Are there any new

substances formed
during neutralization?

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

1. (a)

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

1. (b) Measure the temperature of the acid

and record it.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

10 cm3
2. According to Experiment 9.6, _______
of dilute sodium hydroxide solution is
needed to neutralize 10 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

2. (a) Mix these amounts of acid and alkali

to obtain a neutralized solution.
(b) Measure the temperature of the
neutralized solution and record it.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

3. Transfer about 10 cm3 of the neutralized

solution onto a watch glass.

The steam bath is very hot and the

solution may splash when it boils.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

4. watch glass
beaker
water
wire gauze

tripod

Bunsen
burner

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

5. (a) neutralized solution slide

watch glass
tongs

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

5. (b)

slide

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

5. (b) (i) Describe any colour change of the

dry cobalt chloride paper.
It turns from blue to pink.
____________________________
(ii) What substance was boiled away
when the solution was heated?
Water
____________________________

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

6. Evaporate the solution left on the watch

glass to dryness. Describe the appearance
of the substance remaining on the watch
glass after all liquid has evaporated.
There are some white solids on the
___________________________________
watch glass.
___________________________________

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

Results

Temperature of the acid

(°C) (Answers
may
Temperature of the vary.)
neutralized solution (°C)

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.7 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
1. Does the temperature rise or fall during
neutralization?
The temperature rises during
__________________________________
neutralization.
__________________________________
2. Is heat given out or absorbed during
neutralization?
Heat is given out.
__________________________________
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9.3 Neutralization

Evaporating the neutralized solution to

dryness
 white solid left on watch glass (salt)

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9.3 Neutralization

In neutralization,
products: salt and water
heat is released
∵ a rise in temperature

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9.3 Neutralization

When an acid and an alkali neutralize

salt
each other, a ______________ and
water
______________ are produced, and
heat
______________ is released.

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9.3 Neutralization

Extension
Chemical names of salts
formed by neutralization

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9.3 Neutralization

Example 1

neutralization

Extension
hydrochloric sodium sodium chloride
acid hydroxide (a salt)

Sodium chloride is known as table salt.

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9.3 Neutralization

Example 2

neutralization

Extension
nitric potassium potassium nitrate
acid hydroxide (a salt)

Potassium nitrate can be used to

make fertilizers.
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9.3 Neutralization

Example 3

neutralization

Extension
sulphuric calcium calcium sulphate
acid hydroxide (a salt)

Calcium sulphate can be used to make

tofu.
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9.3 Neutralization

Extension
Writing word equations

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9.3 Neutralization

Neutralization can be represented by

the following word equation:

Extension
acid + alkali salt + water

reactants products

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9.3 Neutralization

Example 1

Reactants Products
hydrochloric acid sodium chloride

Extension
(acid) (salt)
+ +
sodium hydroxide water
(alkali)

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9.3 Neutralization

Example 2

Reactants Products
nitric acid potassium

Extension
(acid) nitrate
+ (salt)
potassium hydroxide +
(alkali) water

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9.3 Neutralization

Example 3

Reactants Products
sulphuric acid calcium sulphate

Extension
(acid) (salt)
+ +
calcium hydroxide water
(alkali)

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9.3 Neutralization

Activity 9.4

Extension
A card game for
neutralization

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9.3 Neutralization

Activity 9.4
Three sets of cards representing the ‘acid’,
‘alkali’ and ‘salt’ are given.

Extension
hydroc calcium chlo
hloric a hydrox calcium r id e
c id ide

acid alkali salt

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9.3 Neutralization

Activity 9.4
Randomly collect one card from ‘acid’ and
one card from ‘alkali’.

Extension
By following the steps below, complete a
word equation for neutralization.

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9.3 Neutralization

Activity 9.4
1. Select cards from the set of ‘salt’ cards
and join the cards together to form the

Extension
name of the salt produced.
2. Put the cards (acid, alkali and salt) in
suitable positions to form a word
equation. Write all new substances
formed in the reaction.

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9.3 Neutralization

Activity 9.4
Example:
hydrochloric acid + calcium hydroxide

Extension
 calcium chloride + water
Each correct answer scores one mark. The
group with the highest score at the end of
the game is the winner.
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9.3 Neutralization

Neutralization can be represented by the

Extension
following word equation:

acid + alkali salt + water

________

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9.3 Neutralization

3. Conservation of mass
in neutralization

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.8 Watch the Expt. video

Is mass conserved in
neutralization?

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.8 Watch the Expt. video

1. & 2.
cotton thread

5 cm3 of barium
hydroxide solution

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.8 Watch the Expt. video

3.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.8 Watch the Expt. video

4. Mix dilute sulphuric acid and barium

hydroxide solution by gently shaking the
flask.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.8 Watch the Expt. video

5. Observe the contents in the conical flask.

Does neutralization take place between
dilute sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide
solution? Explain your answer.
Yes, because a salt (white solid) is
___________________________________
produced. Heat is also given out.
___________________________________

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.8 Watch the Expt. video

6. Measure the total mass of the conical flask

and its contents again. Record the mass.

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.8 Watch the Expt. video

Results
At the beginning of At the end of the
the experiment experiment
Total mass of
the conical
115.79 115.79
flask and its
contents (g)
(The data is for reference only.)

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9.3 Neutralization

Experiment 9.8 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
From the masses recorded at the beginning
and the end of experiment, explain whether or
not mass is conserved in neutralization.
Mass is conserved because the total mass of
______________________________________
the conical flask and its contents is the same
______________________________________
at the beginning and at the end of the
______________________________________
experiment.
______________________________________
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9.3 Neutralization

Mass is always conserved in chemical

reactions.

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9.3 Neutralization

Change and constancy

You have learned the concept ‘change and
constancy’ in Secondary One. You can realize
this concept again in the neutralization
process.

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9.3 Neutralization

Mass is conserved in neutralization.

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9.3 Neutralization

B. Applications of
neutralization

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9.3 Neutralization

1. Prevention of tooth
decay

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9.3 Neutralization

Bacteria in our mouths convert food

residue into acids
 attack teeth and cause tooth decay

Toothpaste
slightly alkaline
neutralize the acids

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9.3 Neutralization

Chewing sugar-free gum

 stimulate the production of saliva
Saliva
slightly alkaline
neutralize the acids

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9.3 Neutralization

2. Relieving stomach
upset

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9.3 Neutralization

Our stomachs produce hydrochloric acid

to digest food.
Too much acid produced
 burning sensation

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9.3 Neutralization

Antacids
contain alkalis
neutralize excess acids
relieve stomach upset

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9.3 Neutralization

3. Treatment of insect
stings and bites

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9.3 Neutralization

Stings or bites of some insects may

contain acidic or alkaline substances
 affected area to be itchy or painful

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9.3 Neutralization

mosquito

alkalis (e.g. soap) acids (stings of bees,

ants and mosquitoes)

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9.3 Neutralization

wasp

acids (e.g. vinegar) alkalis (sting of a wasp)

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9.3 Neutralization

4. Treatment of industrial
waste containing acids and
alkalis

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9.3 Neutralization

Industrial waste from factories often

contain acids or alkalis
causes water pollution without
proper treatment
Alkalis (e.g. calcium hydroxide)
 neutralize acidic wastes
Acids (e.g. sulphuric acid)
 neutralize alkaline wastes
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9.3 Neutralization

5. Regulation of pH value
of soil

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9.3 Neutralization

Many plants do not grow well in soil

which is too acidic or too alkaline.

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9.3 Neutralization

For acidic soil:

add slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
neutralize acid in the soil

For alkaline soil:

add sulphur
soil bacteria convert sulphur to
sulphuric acid
neutralize alkali in the soil

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9.3 Neutralization

9.3 e-Checkpoint 9.3

1. True or false

(a) During neutralization of acids and T

alkalis, salt and water are
produced.

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9.3 Neutralization

9.3 e-Checkpoint 9.3

1. True or false

(b) In neutralization, the total mass T

of the reactants and products is
conserved.

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9.3 Neutralization

9.3 e-Checkpoint 9.3

1. True or false

(c) Some antacids contain an alkali T

which can relieve stomach upset.

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9.3 Neutralization

9.3 e-Checkpoint 9.3

2. Which of the following reactions are

examples of neutralization?
(1) Adding calcium carbonate to sulphuric acid
(2) Adding sodium hydroxide to hydrochloric
acid
(3) Adding ammonia solution to nitric acid
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
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9.3 Neutralization

9.3 e-Checkpoint 9.3

E 3. Complete the following word equations.

(a) sulphuric acid + sodium hydroxide
sodium sulphate
 ___________________ + water

(b) hydrochloric acid + potassium

hydroxide
potassium chloride + water
 ___________________

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9.3 Neutralization

9.3 e-Checkpoint 9.3

E 3. Complete the following word equations.

(c) nitric acid + calcium hydroxide
calcium nitrate
 ___________________ + water

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