Scicent PPT 9 2 R e

9 Acids and Alkalis 中 /EN
Flipped classroom
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 1/99

9.2 Acid-alkali indicators and pH scale
A B C
How can we distinguish among an

acid, an alkali and distilled water
without labels?
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 2/99

A. Acid-alkali indicators
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 3/99

1. Natural indicators
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 4/99

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video
Preparing a
natural indicator
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 5/99

1. You will be given some chopped red

cabbage leaves.
red cabbage
leaves
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 6/99

2. Crush the red cabbage leaves. Pour 50 cm3

of distilled water into the mortar and stir
the mixture.
pestle
mortar
chopped red cabbage leaves

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 7/99
3. Remove the leaves to obtain the red

cabbage extract and record its original
colour.
sieve
beaker
red cabbage extract
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 8/99
4. Pour the red cabbage extract into the

three test tubes until they are each about
one-fourth full.
red cabbage
extract
A B C
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 9/99
5.
add three
drops of
distilled water
shake
A B C
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 10/99
5. add three drops of

hydrochloric acid
add three drops of
sodium hydroxide
solution
shake
A B C
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 11/99
6. Observe any colour changes in each of

the test tubes. Record your observations.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 12/99

Results
Colour of the extract in
Original
colour of dilute dilute sodium
the red distilled water hydrochloric hydroxide
cabbage (test tube A) acid solution
extract (test tube B) (test tube C)
purple/
purple/
reddish red green
reddish purple
purple
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 13/99

Discussion
1. What is the purpose of setting up test
tube A in this experiment?
It acts as the control to compare the
__________________________________
results.
__________________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 14/99

Discussion
2. Do you think all plant extracts can be
used as an indicator for distinguishing
acids and alkalis? Explain your answer.
No, because not all plants contain
__________________________________
pigments which change colour in acids
__________________________________
and alkalis.
__________________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 15/99

We can use indicators to show the

presence of acids and alkalis.
Acid-alkali indicators extracted from
plants
 natural indicators
 contain pigments which change
colour in the presence of an acid or an
alkali
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 16/99
Other examples of natural indicators
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 17/99

Other examples of natural indicators
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 18/99

pigments
Some plants contain ______________
which change colour when mixed with
acids or alkalis. Extracts from these
plants can be used as natural indicators
to distinguish acids and alkalis.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 19/99

2. Litmus
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 20/99

Litmus is a commonly used indicator

in the laboratory.
mixture of pigments extracted from
lichen
available in solution and paper forms
•litmus solution
•litmus paper
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 21/99

blue red
litmus litmus
paper paper
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 22/99

Blue litmus for testing acidic solutions
The blue litmus paper turns red in acidic

solutions such as lemon juice.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 23/99

Red litmus for testing alkaline solutions
The red litmus paper turns blue in alkaline

solutions such as soap solution.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 24/99

Let us use litmus paper to classify

solutions as acidic, alkaline or neutral.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 25/99

Classifying solutions as
acidic, alkaline or neutral
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 26/99

1. You are given five solutions labelled A to

E.
Wear gloves when handling
acids and alkalis.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 27/99

2.
red litmus paper blue litmus paper
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 28/99

3. Add one drop of solution A to a blue litmus

paper and another drop to a red litmus
paper.
solution A
red litmus paper blue litmus paper

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 29/99
4. Observe the colour of each litmus paper.

Record your observations.
5. Repeat Steps 3 to 4 with solutions B, C, D
and E.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 30/99

Results
A B C D E
Colour of blue turns turns no no no

litmus paper red red change change change
Colour of red no no turns turns no

litmus paper change change blue blue change
(Answers depend on the solutions used.)

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 31/99
Discussion
1. Which of the solutions do(es) not change
the colour of blue or red litmus paper?
Is/are this/these solution(s) acidic,
alkaline or neutral?
Solution E does not change the colour of
_________________________________
blue or red litmus paper. It is neutral.
_________________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 32/99
Discussion
2. Classify solutions A, B, C, D and E as acidic,
alkaline or neutral.
Acidic Alkaline Neutral
solution solution solution
A, B C, D E
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 33/99
• We can use the litmus solution or the

litmus paper to distinguish acids and
alkalis.
red
• The blue litmus turns _________ in
acidic solutions while the red litmus
blue
turns _________ in alkaline solutions.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 34/99

B. Universal indicators
and pH scale
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 35/99

Kiwifruit juice Orange juice
How can we find out which one is more acidic?
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 36/99

Universal indicator
mixture of several indicators
shows different colours depending on the
degrees of acidity or alkalinity of the
substance mixed with it
Available in solution and paper forms
 pH paper (paper form)
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 37/99

pH c
olou
r cha
rt
pH colour
chart
Universal indicator solution pH paper
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 38/99

Each colour on the pH colour chart

corresponds to a pH value.
The pH value is expressed as a number
from 0 to 14  pH scale
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
neutral
more acidic less acidic less alkaline more alkaline

(high (low acidity) (low (high
acidity) alkalinity) alkalinity)
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 39/99
sulphuric acid
orange juice
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acidic substance  pH < 7
The lower the pH value,
the more acidic the
substance.
cola black coffee
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 40/99
drain cleaner
glass cleaner
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Alkaline substance  pH > 7
The higher the pH value, the
more alkaline the
substance.
detergent limewater
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 41/99
distilled water
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Substances which are neither

acidic nor alkaline are neutral.
 pH = 7
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 42/99

Who invented the pH scale?

Soren Sorensen (1868–1939),
a Danish chemist, invented the
pH scale in 1909. He realized that
all acids contain hydrogen. Then,
he introduced the concept ‘pH’.
‘pH’ is the short form of Latin
words ‘pondus hydrogenii ’,
meaning ‘power of hydrogen’.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 43/99
• We can use the universal indicator solution or

pH paper to find the pH value of a substance.
acidic
• The lower the pH value, the more _________
the substance.
alkaline
• The higher the pH value, the more _________
the substance.
7
• A neutral substance has a pH value of _____.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 44/99

Using universal indicator

solution to find the pH
values of different solutions
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 45/99

1. (a)
dropper
spot plate
two drops of dilute
sulphuric acid
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 46/99

1. (b)
two drops
of universal
indicator
solution
dilute sulphuric acid
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 47/99

2. Observe the colour of the mixture. Find

the pH value of dilute sulphuric acid using
the pH colour chart. Record the pH value.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH value
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 48/99

3. Repeat Steps 1 to 2 to find the pH values

of other solutions.
Clean the dropper with
distilled water after
transferring each solution
 prevent contamination
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 49/99

Results
Is the solution
pH
Solution acidic, alkaline or
value
~1 acidic neutral?
dilute sulphuric acid 1 acidic
~
dilute hydrochloric acid 3 acidic
~
dilute ethanoic acid
~13 alkaline
dilute sodium hydroxide
solution
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 50/99
Results
Is the solution
pH
Solution acidic, alkaline or
value
~12 alkalineneutral?
dilute ammonia solution
~7 neutral
dilute sodium chloride
solution ~7 neutral
sugar solution
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 51/99

Using pH paper to find

the pH values of some
substances
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 52/99

1. You are given different substances. Guess

whether each of them is acidic, alkaline
or neutral.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 53/99

2.
dropper
spot plate
pH paper
two drops of baking

soda solution
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 54/99

3. Observe and compare the colour of pH

paper with the pH colour chart. Find the
pH value of baking soda solution and
record it.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 55/99

4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 to find the pH values

of other substances.
Clean the dropper with
distilled water after
transferring each solution
 prevent contamination
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 56/99

Results
Your guess Is the substance
pH
Substance (acidic/alkaline acidic, alkaline or
value
/neutral) neutral?
baking soda
~ 9 alkaline
solution
lemon juice ~ 2 acidic
hair
~ 5 acidic
conditioner
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 57/99

Results
pH
value
/neutral) neutral?
shampoo ~8 alkaline
soap
~ 10 alkaline
solution
vegetable
~ 4 acidic
juice
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 58/99

Results
pH
value
/neutral) neutral?
tap water ~6 acidic
toothpaste ~8 alkaline
vinegar ~3 acidic
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 59/99

Results
According to your results above, write the
names of the substances at the
corresponding positions of the pH colour
chart.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 60/99

Results
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
tap
lemon vegetable soap
water shampoo,
juice juice solution
toothpaste
vinegar hair baking soda
conditioner solution
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 61/99

C. pH meter
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 62/99

pH meter
measures pH values more accurately
consists of a probe connected to a
digital display
reading measured accurate to two
decimal places
Simulation
(pH values of
different
substances)
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 63/99

pH value displayed
probe
pH meter
solution
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 64/99

Put the probe of the pH meter into a

solution and the pH value of the solution
will be displayed on its screen.
pH value displayed
pH meter
probe
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 65/99

pH sensor connected with a

data-logger
readings from data-logger be recorded
and analysed in computer
helps monitor the change of pH value
of a solution during experiment
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 66/99

pH sensor
computer
solution data-logger
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 67/99

Using a pH meter to
measure the pH values
of some substances
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 68/99

1. Copy part of your experimental results

(the pH values of different substances)
from Experiment 9.4.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 69/99

2. pH meter
probe
Handle the pH probe with

care as it is very fragile
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 70/99
3. Record the pH value of baking soda solution

from the pH meter.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 71/99

4. Repeat Step 2 with other substances. Rinse

the probe before each measurement.
probe
distilled water
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 72/99
5. Record the pH values of other substances

measured using the pH meter.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 73/99

Results
pH value obtained by pH value
Substance using pH paper measured
(results from Experiment 9.4) using pH meter
baking soda
~9 9.12
solution
lemon juice ~2 2.01
hair
~5 5.9
conditioner
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 74/99

Results
shampoo ~8 7.9
soap
~10 10.04
solution
vegetable
~4 4.29
juice
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 75/99

Results
tap water ~6 6.51
toothpaste ~8 8.22
vinegar ~3 3.10
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 76/99

Discussion
1. Why is it necessary to thoroughly rinse
the probe of a pH meter with distilled
water before each measurement?
To wash away any substance that may
__________________________________
affect the measurement of the pH value
__________________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 77/99

Discussion
2. Suggest TWO advantages of using a pH
meter over using a universal indicator
(e.g. pH paper) in measuring pH value.
The pH meter can measure the pH value
_________________________________
of a substance more accurately.
_________________________________
The pH meter can be reused.
_________________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 78/99

Activity 9.3
Advantages of using
a pH meter
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 79/99

Activity 9.3
1. Use a piece of pH paper to find the pH
value of soy sauce. Observe the changes
on the pH paper.
pH paper
Record your
observation.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 80/99

Activity 9.3
2. Determine the pH value of the soy sauce
using a pH meter.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 81/99

Activity 9.3
2. (a) Is the soy sauce acidic, alkaline or
neutral?
Acidic
_______________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 82/99

Activity 9.3
2. (b) What is its pH value? Record the
observation.
pH paper pH meter
can not be
pH value determined 4.40–5.40
~
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 83/99

Activity 9.3
3. Apart from the accuracy, suggest ONE
more advantage of using a pH meter
over using pH paper in determining the
pH value.
The pH meter can be used to measure
_________________________________
the pH value of a liquid with a deep
_________________________________
colour.
_________________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 84/99

Using a pH meter to measure pH values

Advantages
• can measure the pH value of a substance
more accurately
• can be reused
• can measure the pH value of a liquid
with a dark colour
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 85/99

Using a pH meter to measure pH values

Disadvantages
• expensive than universal indicator
solution and pH paper
• larger than that of pH paper
 less convenient to carry around
• The pH meter has to be calibrated before
use and its probe needs to be cleaned
after use
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 86/99
A pH meter can measure the

pH value of a substance more
____________
accurately than universal indicator.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 87/99

9.2 e-Checkpoint 9.2
1. True or false
(a) The degree of acidity or alkalinity F

of a solution can be determined
by using litmus paper.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 88/99

1. True or false
(b) pH paper is prepared by soaking

F
strips of filter paper in litmus
solution and drying them before
use.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 89/99

1. True or false
(c) Acidic solutions always have a T

pH value lower than 7.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 90/99

2. Fill in the blanks.

(a) Some plants such as red cabbages
pigments which show
contain ____________
different colours in acidic and alkaline
solutions.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 91/99


(b) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution
red
turns (i) __________ litmus paper
blue
(ii) __________.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 92/99


(c) Dilute sulphuric acid turns
blue
(i) __________ litmus paper
red
(ii) __________.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 93/99


(d) The lower the pH value, the more
acidic
___________ the solution.
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 94/99

3. The following table shows the pH values

of five solutions (A, B, C, D and E) as
measured by pH paper.
Solution A B C D E
pH value 2 7 12 10 5
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 95/99

3. (a) Which of the above solutions is/are

(i) acidic?
A, E
____________________
(ii) alkaline?
C, D
___________________
(iii) neutral?
B
___________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 96/99
3. (b) Which of the solutions is the most

acidic and which one is the most
alkaline?
Solution A is the most acidic.
_______________________________
Solution C is the most alkaline.
_______________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 97/99

3. (c) Which solution(s) will turn red litmus

paper blue?
C, D
_______________________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 98/99

3. (d) With reference to the pH scale, which

of the solutions is most likely to be
(i) limewater?
C
___________________
(ii) black coffee?
E
___________________
Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 99/99

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9 Acids and Alkalis 中 /EN

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 1/99

How can we distinguish among an

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 2/99

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 3/99

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 4/99

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 5/99

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

1. You will be given some chopped red

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 6/99

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

2. Crush the red cabbage leaves. Pour 50 cm3

chopped red cabbage leaves

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

3. Remove the leaves to obtain the red

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

4. Pour the red cabbage extract into the

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

5. add three drops of

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

6. Observe any colour changes in each of

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 12/99

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 13/99

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 14/99

Experiment 9.1 Watch the Expt. video

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 15/99

We can use indicators to show the

Other examples of natural indicators

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 17/99

Other examples of natural indicators

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 18/99

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 19/99

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 20/99

Litmus is a commonly used indicator

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 21/99

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 22/99

Blue litmus for testing acidic solutions

The blue litmus paper turns red in acidic

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 23/99

Red litmus for testing alkaline solutions

The red litmus paper turns blue in alkaline

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 24/99

Let us use litmus paper to classify

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 25/99

Experiment 9.2 Watch the Expt. video

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 26/99

Experiment 9.2 Watch the Expt. video

1. You are given five solutions labelled A to

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 27/99

Experiment 9.2 Watch the Expt. video

red litmus paper blue litmus paper

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 28/99

Experiment 9.2 Watch the Expt. video

3. Add one drop of solution A to a blue litmus

red litmus paper blue litmus paper

Experiment 9.2 Watch the Expt. video

4. Observe the colour of each litmus paper.

Aristo 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Slide 30/99

Experiment 9.2 Watch the Expt. video