SELF-CONSOLIDATING HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBER

REINFORCED CONCRETE: SCHPFRC

Wen-Cheng Liao (1), Shih-Ho Chao (2), Sang-Yeol Park (3), and Antoine E. Naaman (4)

(1) Ph.D Student, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

(2) Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
(3) Associate Professor, Cheju National University, Jeju-si, Korea
(4) Professor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

Abstract
Self-consolidating high performance fiber reinforced concrete (SCHPFRC) combines the
self-consolidating property of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) with the strain-hardening and
multiple cracking characteristics of high performance fiber reinforced cement composites
(HPFRCC) (Naaman 1987, 1996, 2003). SCHPFRC is a highly flowable, non-segregating
concrete that can spread into place, fill the formwork, and encapsulate the reinforcing steel in
typical concrete structures. It is being addressed as part of a project for the U.S. Network for
Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) with the objective to develop a SCHPFRC that
can be easily manufactured and delivered by ready-mix trucks for use on the job site, with
particular application in seismic resistant structures.
In this paper, the authors provide a brief summary of findings based on an extensive
review of existing literature and numerous laboratory trials. Several SCHPFRC mixtures
taken from previous studies were modified using the available local materials, leading to
recommended mixtures with compressive strengths ranging from 35 to 65 MPa. These
mixtures contain coarse aggregates having a 12 mm maximum size and 30 mm long steel
fibers in volume fractions of 1.5% and 2%. The recommended SCHPFRC mixtures were
achieved by adjusting the coarse to fine aggregate ratios, increasing paste volume, mixing in
steps according to a pre-set procedure, and adding relevant admixtures. Spread diameter of
the fresh SCHPFRC mixtures measured by using the standard slump flow test was
approximately 600 mm. Results obtained from direct tensile tests showed that the strain-
hardening response of the hardened composites were maintained up to large composite strains.

1. INTRODUCTION
Self-consolidating high performance fiber reinforced concrete (SCHPFRC) is the hybrid of
self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and high performance fiber reinforced cement composites
(HPFRCCs). It is a highly flowable, non-segregating concrete with a strain-hardening
response under tension accompanied by multiple cracking. Six SCHPFRC mixtures with

Page 0
compressive strengths ranging from 35 to 65 MPa are recommended. These were first
obtained from previous studies and modified using available local materials. Spread diameter
of the fresh SCHPFRC mixtures measured by using the standard slump flow test was
approximately 600 mm. Tensile response obtained from direct tensile tests showed that these
composites exhibited significant strain-hardening behavior accompanied by multiple cracking.
In addition, these mixtures were successfully used in large size applications; in some cases
where heavier amount of reinforcing bars were present, minor vibration was needed.

2. PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Though adding fibers will extend the range of applications of SCC, a reduction in
workability due to fiber addition may become a handicap in practice. Besides the fibers, there
are also many parameters which affect the flowability of fresh SCC. Indeed, the type,
diameter, aspect ratio, and volume fraction of fibers come in addition to the maximum
aggregate size, coarse aggregate content, fine aggregate content to play an important role in
flowability of SCC with fibers.
An earlier study by Swamy and Mangat (1974) reported that the relative fiber-to-coarse
aggregate volume and the fiber “balling up” phenomenon limit the maximum content of steel
fibers. Edington et al (1978) observed a relationship between the size of coarse aggregate and
the fiber volume fraction. Narayanan and Kareem-Palanjian (1982) found that the “optimum
fiber content” (without balling) increased linearly with an increase in the percentage of sand
to total aggregates. Johnston (1996) remarked that the distribution of fibers and coarse
aggregates was mainly determined by their relative sizes. While considering the effectiveness
in the hardened state, Vandewalle (1993) recommended choosing fibers longer than the
maximum aggregate size. Gru¨newald (2006) also suggested that the fiber length be 2 to 4
times that of the maximum coarse aggregate size, a recommendation similar to that generally
suggested by ACI committee 544.
The addition of steel fibers into SCC mixtures has been studied by a number of
researchers (Groth et al., 1999; Khayat et al., 1999; Massicotte et al., 2000; Gru¨newald et al.,
2001, 2006; Bui et al., 2003, 2005; Corinaldesi et al., 2004; Busterud, 2005; Dehn, 2005;
Sahmaran et al., 2005 2007; Suter et al., 2005). Moreover, numerous commercial laboratories
have been involved in the development of SCC with fibers. Degussa Admixtures, Inc., (a
division of Master Builders Technologies), which focuses on the development, manufacture
and supply of chemicals and cementitious products for the construction industry, has been
continuously improving the performance of SCC with fibers. Following are key findings
based on their studies (Bui et al., 2005):
1) The coarse-to-fine aggregate ratio in the mix needs to be reduced so that individual
coarse aggregate particles are fully surrounded by a layer of mortar. Paste amount
must be sufficient to fill the void between aggregates and fibers, and also cover around
the aggregate particles and the fibers. Reduced coarse aggregate volume and higher
paste volume are required for higher volume of fibers. Furthermore, it is recommended
by Johnston (2001) to reduce the volume of coarse aggregates at least 10 % compared
with plain concrete to facilitate pumping.
2) Before addition of fibers, slump flow of SCC must be relatively high (as influenced by
a lower coarse aggregate content, increased paste content, low water-to-powder ratio,
increased superplasticizer rather than excess water, sometimes a viscosity modifying

Page 1
 admixture). Johnston (2001) indicated that initial slump of plain concrete should be 50
to 75 mm more than the desired final slump.
3) Everything else being equal, addition of fibers reduces slump flow of SCC; higher
fiber volume and higher aspect ratio of fibers reduce slump flow of SCC as well,
thereby leading to higher possibility of blocking.

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

3.1 Materials

The cementitious materials used in this study are ASTM Type III Portland cement and a
class C fly ash. The fine aggregate is #16 flint silica sand (ASTM 50-70). The coarse
aggregate of 12 mm maximum size consists of solid crushed limestone or pea gravel from a
local source with a density of 2.70 g/cm3. Two polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers (SP1
and SP2) were used in all concrete mixtures. In addition to the superplasticizer, a viscosity
modifying admixture (VMA) was used in some mixtures to enhance the viscosity and reduce
fiber segregation in the presence of higher water to cementitious ratios. The physical and
chemical properties of chemical admixtures are shown in Table 1. Two types of steel hooked
fibers with circular cross section, one having high tensile strength (SF1) and the other one
having regular tensile strength (SF2), were used. Table 2 gives the properties of fibers used.

Table 1: Physical and chemical properties of chemical admixtures used in this study
VOC*
Physical Boiling Freeze Water Specific
ID pH Concentration
State Point (ºC) Point (ºC) Solubility Gravity
as applied (g/l)
SP 1 Liquid 5-7 100 N/A Miscible 1.1 0
Completely
SP 2 Liquid 8.0 100 0 1.002 0
soluble
Completely
VMA Liquid 6.5 100 -6 1.08 0
soluble
*VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
Table 2: Properties of fibers used in this study
Fiber Diameter, Length, Density, Tensile Elastic
Type
ID (mm) (mm) (g/cc) Strength, (MPa) Modulus, (GPa)
SF 1 Hooked 0.38 30 7.85 2300 200
SF 2 Hooked 0.55 30 7.85 1100 200

3.2 Mix Proportions

Six different SCHPFRC mixtures were developed to cover a broad range of strength
requirements. The mix proportions are summarized in Table 3. Their mechanical properties
are described in Tables 4, 5, and 6. In this study, the amount of superplasticizer (SP) and the

Page 2
ratio of water-to-cementitious materials were selected as primary means to modify the
compressive strengths. In addition, the fiber volume fraction for all mixtures was larger than
or equal to 1.5%. Mixture 1 (Table 3) was the basis for numerous trial mixtures in extensive
preliminary tests to estimate the feasibility of SCC with high volume fractions of fiber; the
mixture was essentially taken from Bui et al. (2005).

Table 3: Proportions by weight of cement for SCHPFRC mixtures used

Mix Proportion by weight of cement
Series ID Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6
Cement C3* 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mineral
FA** 0.48 0.5 0.5 0.875 0.67 0.875
Admixture
Fine Silica Sand
1.7 1.7 1.7 2.5 2.1 2.2
Aggregates (Flint)***
Crushed
Coarse 1.1 1 1 1.25 1.2
Limestone +
Aggregates
Pea gravel ++ 1.1
Water Water 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.84 0.67 0.8
SP 1 0.027 0.015 0.01 0.013
Chemical
SP 2 ×× 0.0055 0.005
Admixture
VMA××× 0.012 0.0095 0.065 0.013 0.038
SF 1 0.325 0.244 0.31 0.289 0.315
Steel Fiber
SF 2 0.325
Total Weight 5.082 5.152 5.0635 6.8455 5.871 6.433
V f (%) 1.96 1.92 1.47 1.38 1.50 1.50
* ASTM Type III Portland cement; ** fly ash class C; *** ASTM 50-70; + max size about 12mm; ++ max
size about 8mm; × these three chemical admixtures are typically added with the initial mix water and their
concentration could be seen as 1.0; that is, it is not necessary to consider the amount of water in these
chemical admixtures while calculating the total amount of water needed.

3.3 Mixing Procedure

Mixing procedure and mixing time are more critical in SCC as compared to conventional
concrete mixtures. In addition, previous experimental studies suggest that each mixture
proportion has its own optimum mix procedure, including the sequence by which different
materials are placed in the mixer, the percentage of water demand added with time, the total
time of mixing, and the total time of casting, etc. (Sedran, 1996; Brodowski, 2005; Sahmaran
et al., 2005, 2007; Gru¨newald, 2006; Denarie, 2006). Not only a minor change in
proportioning, but a minor change in the mix procedure itself may change significantly the
properties of freshly mixed concrete, such as its rheological behavior. The sequence of mixing
is very important as well.
According to the previous research of various mixing procedures for SCC, the sequence of
placing the various materials in the mixer plays an important role, especially when higher

Page 3
volume fraction of fibers are added. The advantages of two procedures found in prior studies
have been incorporated in this study.
1) Pre-mixing water, SP, and VMA (if needed), then pouring the resulting fluid in several
steps in order to develop a homogenous matrix without paste lumps before adding the
coarse aggregates and fibers.
2) Reducing the coarse-to-fine aggregate ratio to provide a well-developed paste layer
which can fully surround individual coarse aggregate. Paste amount must be sufficient
not only to fill the void between aggregates and fibers, but also fully cover the
aggregate particles and the fibers.
In this study the premixed liquid ((Water + SP + VMA (if needed)) was added in several
steps as described below. This allowed supervision of the status of the mixtures in order to
limit paste lumps. The following steps were used:
1) Dry-mix the cement, fly ash, and sand for 30 seconds.
2) Pour 1/2 of liquid (Water+SP+VMA) in the mixer. After mixing for about 1 minute,
pour 1/4 of the remaining liquid (Water+SP+VMA).
3) After mixing for about 1 minute, pour 1/8 of liquid (Water+SP+VMA).
4) After mixing for about 1 minute, pour 1/16 of liquid (Water+SP+VMA).
5) After mixing for about 1 minute, pour all of the remaining liquid (Water+SP+VMA).
6) After mixing for about 1 minute, add all coarse aggregates in the mixer.
7) After mixing for about 2 minutes, slowly add all steel fibers in the mixer.
8) Continue mixing for about 3 minutes after all the fibers have been added. The mixture
is then ready for pouring.
Note that if other types of SP and VMA are used, it is important to ascertain from the
manufacturer’s guidelines that they could be mixed together with the water in the same
container, in order for the above procedure to succeed. It is also important to note that the
quality of fresh SCHPFRC, such as flowability and segregation resistance, will be achieved
only if the mix procedure is strictly followed.

3.4 Testing

The slump flow test (shown in Figure 2(a); EFNARC 2002; Nowak et al. 2005; Sahmaran
et al., 2005), compression test (ASTM C39), and direct tension test were carried out to
estimate flowability, compressive strength, and tensile response, respectively.
The slump flow test was the easiest and most familiar way to evaluate the horizontal free
flow (deformability) of SCC in the absence of obstructions. The test method is very similar to
the conventional ASTM standard slump test of fresh concrete. However, instead of the loss in
height, the diameter of the spread concrete is measured in two perpendicular directions and
recorded as slump flow (Figure 2(b)). In general, the average of diameters in two
perpendicular directions should be larger than 600 mm for qualified SCC.
According to ASTM C39, the compressive strength of hardened concrete is determined
from compression tests on standard cylindrical specimens. The cylinder specimens cast for
this study had dimensions of 100 mm (diameter) × 200 mm (height). The cylinder specimens
were submerged in water for curing after de-molding. During testing, 3 linear variable
differential transformers (LVDTs) were used to measure the strains during compression tests.
The direct tension tests were needed to ascertain that the developed SCHPFRC composites
give a strain-hardening response in tension after first cracking. Dog-bone shaped tensile

Page 4
specimens were prepared and tested for each SCHPFRC mixture. A typical specimen and the
test setup are shown in Figure 3. These specimens have a cross-sectional dimension of
25 × 50 mm. The applied load was monitored by the load cell of the testing machine and
elongation was recorded by a pair of LVDTs attached to the specimen, with a gauge length of
about 175 mm.

Base
Plate

Slump 600 mm
Cone

(a) (b)
Figure 2: Slump flow test: (a) test setup; (b) Spreading diameter

(a) (b)

Figure 3: Photos illustrating the direct tensile test: (a) geometry of specimen; (b) test setup

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4.1 Slump Flow Test

As described earlier, the final diameters of the concrete in two perpendicular directions
were measured for each mix proportion, and are shown in Table 4.
Minor segregation was observed in Mix 1 which did not contain VMA. Because the
mechanical performance of the hardened composite depends very much on fiber dispersion, it

Page 5
is better to trade off some loss in flowability for a reduced risk of segregation. Although the
flowability of each SCHPFRC mixture was slightly lower than SCC without fibers, it can be
considerably increased with a minimal external vibration.

4.2 Compressive Strength

Table 4 Slump flow test results and average compressive strength ( f c ) of SCHPFRCs
Series ID Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6
Fiber Type
(SF1: high strength, L/d=79; SF 2 SF 1 SF 1 SF 1 SF 1 SF 1
SF2: regular strength, L/d=50)
V f (%) 1.96 1.92 1.47 1.38 1.50 1.50
565 518 603 582 613 579
Slump flow (mm)
578 525 601 568 602 552
( f c ) 14-day (MPa) N/A 53.6 50.7 25 40.7 36.4
( f c ) 28-day (MPa) 65 67.9 65 36.4 43.6 39.3
( f c ) 90-day (MPa) N/A N/A N/A 47.1 50 48.6

The average compressive strengths of the mixtures with fibers tested in this study are
shown in Table 4. Figure 4(a) gives a comparison of the average compressive stress-strain
curves for Mix 3, Mix 4, Mix 5 and Mix 6. As can be seen, SCHPFRCs behave as well-
confined reinforced concrete in compression.

4.3 Tensile Response

As described earlier, the stress-strain curves were recorded from the dog-bone specimens
tested. Typical curves are shown in Figure 4(b). It can be observed that the tensile stress
increases with an increase in strain after the first crack. Multiple cracks developed up to peak
stress (post-cracking strength) at which crack localization occurred (Figure 5). Thus these
five mixtures all satisfy the requirement of strain-hardening behavior of HPFRCC. Beyond the
peak stress, the tensile stress dropped gradually due to fiber pull out from the matrix. Some
key results are summarized in Table 5. Tests for Mix 1 were not carried out.

Table 5: Average results of tensile tests for SCHPFRCs

Series ID Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6
Average Post-Cracking Strength
N/A 6.57 5.41 3.59 4.64 3.61
(MPa)
Average Strain at Peak Stress (%) N/A 0.25 0.34 0.25 0.39 0.45
Stress at apparent strain = 0.5% N/A 5.80 4.85 2.99 3.86 3.54

Page 6
 (% of peak stress) (88%) (90%) (83%) (83%) (98%)
Average Number of Cracks in the
N/A 5 9 6 9 6
middle portion
Average Crack Spacing (mm) N/A 29.7 18.0 25.7 18.0 25.6

(a) (b)
Figure 4: (a) compressive stress-strain curves; (b) typical tensile stress-strain curves

Figure 5: Multiple cracks observed in SCHPFRCs

5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental studies and analyses, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Flowability: only the slump flow test was used in this study to observe workability.
Flow diameters about 600 mm were achieved in most cases. While the flowability of
SCHPFRCs was not as high as for conventional SCC without fibers, it was deemed
sufficient for practical implementation with slight vibration. In addition, larger scale
specimens have been cast by using these mixtures and the flowability was quite
satisfactory with no segregation observed (Figure 6).

Page 7
 2. Segregation: segregation of fibers was greatly reduced by using viscosity modifying
agent, VMA. The mixtures became viscous enough to bring fibers to the edge of the
slump base plate during slump flow test.
3. Mixing Procedure: In order to achieve a good quality in fresh SCHPFRC mixtures, it
is essential to strictly follow the recommended mixing procedure, in terms of time of
mixing, addition of components, and sequence of material addition.
4. Mechanical Properties: Specimens made from the hardened composites were tested for
compressive strength and tensile stress-strain response. The SCHPFRCs developed
have compressive strengths ranging from about 35 to 65 MPa and a tensile strengths
ranging from 3.5 to 6.5 MPa. They also showed strain-hardening response in tension,
accompanied by multiple cracking. The peak strain capacity after first cracking in
tension ranged from 0.25 % to 0.45 %.

(a) (b)
Figure 6: Application of the developed SCHPFRC mixtures in larger scale specimens (a)
SCHPFRC in the fresh state; (b) Pouring of coupling beam with minor vibration

ACKOWLEDGEMENTS
The research described herein was sponsored by the National Science Foundation under
Grant No. CMS 0530383 . The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor.

REFERENCES
[1] Liao, W.-C., Chao, S.-H., Park, S.-Y., and Naaman, A. E., 'Self-Consolidating High Performance
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHPFRC)—Preliminary Investigation', Report No. UMCEE 06-02,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 2006.
[2] ASTM C39-96, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens”, West Conshohocken, PA., 1998.
[3] Brodowski, D., private communication with A.E. Naaman, 2005.
[4] Bui, V. K.; Geiker, M. R.; Shah, S. P., “Rheology of Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Materials,”
RILEM PRO30 High Performance Fibre Reinforced Composites HPFRCC4, 2003, pp. 221-232.
[5] Bui, Van K. and Attiogbe, Emmmanuel., Degussa Admixtures, Inc., Seminar at UM on Oct. 27,
2005.
[6] Busterud, Lars; Johansen, Kåre and Døssland,Åse Lyslo, “Production of Fiber Reinforced SCC,”
SCC 2005, Session C-3: Fiber-Reinforced SCC, 2005.

Page 8
[7] Corinaldesi, V. and Moriconi, G., “Durable fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete,” Cement
and Concrete Research 34, 2004, pp. 249-254.
[8] Dehn, Frank, Leipzig Germany, Private communication with Naaman, A.E., 2005.
[9] Denarie, E., private communication with A.E. Naaman, 2006.
[10] Edgington, J.; Hannant, D. J.; Williams, R. I. T., “Steel fiber reinforced concrete,” Fiber
reinforced materials, The Construction Press, Lancaster, England, 1978, pp. 112-128.
[11] EFNARC, “Specification and Guidelines for Self-Consolidating Concrete,” February 2002.
[12] Groth, P. and Nemegeer, D., “The use of steel fibres in self-compacting concrete.” In: Skarendahl
A, Petersson O, editors. Proceedings of the first international RILEM symposium on self-
compacting concrete. Stockholm, Sweden: 13-14 September 1999. pp. 497-507.
[13] Gru¨newald, Steffen and Walraven, Joost C., “Parameter-study on the influence of steel fibers and
coarse aggregate content on the fresh properties of self-consolidating concrete,” May 2001.
[14] Gru¨newald, Steffen, “Performance-based design of self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete,”
Ph.D. thesis, June 2006, p20-24.
[15] Johnston, C.D., “Proportioning, mixing and placement of fibre-reinforced cements and
concretes,” Production Methods and Workability of Concrete, Edited by Bartos, Marrs and
Cleland, E&FN Spon, London, 1996, pp. 155-179.
[16] Johnston, C.D., “Fiber-Reinforced Cements and Concretes,” Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers, Amsterdam, 2001.
[17] Khayat, K. H. and Roussel, Y., “Testing and performance of fiber-reinforced, self-consolidating
concrete.” In: Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors. Proceedings of the first international RILEM
symposium on self-compacting concrete. Stockholm, Sweden: September 13-14, 1999. pp. 509-
521.
[18] Massicotte, Bruno; Degrange, Gerard; Dzeletovic, Nikola, “Mix Design for SFRC Bridge Deck
Construction,” RILEM PRO15 Fibre-Reinforced Concretes BEFIB, 2000, pp. 119-128.
[19] Reinforced Concrete and other Advanced Composites, Toronto, Canada, March 26-29, 1995.
[20] Naaman, A.E., "High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites," Proceedings of the
IABSE Symposium on Concrete Structures for the Future, Paris, France, September 1987, pp.
371-376.
[21] Naaman, A. E., and Reinhardt, H. W., “Characterization of High Performance Fiber Reinforced
Cement Composites—HPFRCC,” High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 2
(HPFRCC 2), Proceedings of the Second International RILEM Workshop, Naaman, A. E., and
Reinhardt, H. W., eds., RILEM Publications, s.a.r.l., Cachan Cedex, France, 1996, pp. 1-24.
[22] Naaman, A. E., “Strain Hardening and Deflection Hardening Fiber Reinforced Cement
Composites,” HPFRCC 4 RILEM PRO 30, June 2003, pp. 95-113.
[23] Narayanan, R., Kareem-Palanjian, A.S., “Factors influencing the workability of steel-fibre
reinforced concrete,” Concrete, Part 1: Vol.16, No. 10, 1982, pp.45-48, Part 2: Vol. 17, No. 2,
1982, pp. 43-44.
[24] Nowak, Andrzej S.; Laumet, Pascal; Czarnecki, Artur A.; Kaszynska, Maria; Szerszen, Maria M.
and Podhorecki, Piotr J., “US-Specific Self-Consolidating Concrete for Bridges,” Final Report,
July 2005.
[25] Sahmaran, Mustafa; Yurtseven, Alperen and Yaman, I. Ozgur, “Workability of hybrid fiber
reinforced self-compacting concrete,” Building and Environment 40, 2005, pp. 1672-1677.
[26] Sahmaran, Mustafa and Yaman, I. Ozgur, “Hybrid fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete with
a high-volume coarse fly ash,” Construction and Building Materials 21.1, Jan 2007, pp.150-156.
[27] Sedran, T., De Larrard, F., Hourst, F. y Contamines, C., “Mix design of self-compacting
concrete,” International RILEM Production Methods and Workability of Concrete, Edited by
P.J.M. Bartos, D.L. Marrs y D.J. Cleand, Editorial: E & FN Spon, Londres, 1996, pp. 439-450.
[28] Suter, R., and Butschi, P.Y., "Tunnel du Oenzberg / Voussoirs en Beton, avec ou sans fibres," in
French, Mandat de Recherche No. P.0209, EIA-Fribourg, Switzerland, 2001.

Page 9
[29] Swamy, R.N. and Mangat, P.S., “Influence of fiber-aggregate interaction on some properties of
steel fiber reinforced concrete,” Materials and Structures, Volume 7, Number 5 / September 1974,
pp. 307-314.
[30] Vandewalle, L., “Vezelversterkt Beton, Studiedag Speciale Betonsoorten en Toepassingen,”
Universiteit Leuven, Departement Burgerlijke Bouwkunde, 1993, pp. 77-98.

Page 10