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In the name of ALLAH

The most Beneficent, the most Merciful
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Concept of Prevention

M.SAIFULLAH
MSN*, MPH, BSCN
LSN, UOL
Objectives 3

At the end of this Unit, the students will be

able to:
 Discuss the Secondary Level of
Prevention;
 Discuss the Tertiary Levels of Prevention.
Secondary Prevention 4

 It is defined as “ action which halts the

progress of a disease at its incipient stage
and prevents complications.”
 Secondary prevention trying to detect a
disease early and prevent it from getting
worse.
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Conti…
 Secondary prevention attempts to arrest the disease
process, restore health by seeking out unrecognized
disease and treating it before irreversible pathological
changes take place, and reverse communicability of
infectious diseases.
 It thus protects others from in the community from
acquiring the infection and thus provide at once
secondary prevention for the infected ones and
primary prevention for their potential contacts.
Conti… 6

 Secondary prevention is largely the domain

of clinical medicine. The health programs
initiated by the government are usually at
the level of secondary prevention.
 The specific interventions are early
diagnosis (e.g. screening tests, and case
finding programs) and adequate treatment.
Conti… 7

The drawback of the secondary prevention is that the

patient has already been subjected to mental anguish,
physical pain; and the community to the loss of
productivity. These situations are not encountered in
primary prevention.
Conti… 8

 Secondary prevention is an imperfect tool in the

control of transmission of disease. It is often more
expensive and less effective than primary prevention.
 In the long run, human health, happiness and useful
longevity will be achieved at far less expense with less
suffering through primary prevention than through
secondary prevention.
Tertiary Prevention 9

 Tertiary Prevention - trying to improve your quality of

life and reduce the symptoms of a disease you already
have.
 When the disease process has advanced beyond its
early stages, it is still possible to accomplish
prevention by what might be called Tertiary
Prevention.
Conti.. 10

 Itis defined as “all the measures available

to reduce or limit impairments and
disabilities, and to promote the patients’
adjustment to irremediable conditions.”
 Tertiary prevention extends the concept of
prevention into fields of rehabilitation.
When defect or disability is more or less
stabilized, rehabilitation may play a
preventable role.
Conti… 11

 Modern rehabilitation includes

psychosocial, vocational and medical
components based on teamwork from a
variety of professions.
Modes of Intervention: 12

 Disability Limitation; and

 Rehabilitation.
Disability Limitation 13

 Disability: any restriction or lack of ability

to perform an activity in the manner

considered normal for a human being.

 To prevent or halt the transition of disease

process from impairment to handicap.

Conti.. 14

 Disease impairment disability handicap.

 Impairment: any loss or abnormality of
psychological, physiological or anatomic
structure or function.
 Handicap: disadvantage for a given individual,
resulting from impairment or disability, that
limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is
normal for that individual.
Rehabilitation 15

The combined and coordinated use of

medical, educational, social and vocational
measures for training and retraining the
individual to the highest possible level of
functional ability
Types of Rehabilitation 16

 Medical: restoration of function

 Vocational: restoration of capacity to earn a
livelihood
 Social: restoration of family and social
relationships
 Psychological: restoration of personal
dignity and confidence
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Quaternary Protection

 The action taken to identify patient at risk of over-

medication, to protect him from new medical
invasion, and to suggest to him interventions, which
are ethically acceptable.

 Quaternary prevention is the set of health activities to

mitigate
Conti.. 18

or avoid the consequences of unnecessary or

excessive intervention of the health system.
 Quaternary prevention should take
precedence over any alternative preventive,
diagnostic and therapeutic, as is the
practice version ‘primum non nocere’
References 19

Basavanthappa, B.T. (2005). Community Health Nursing. New

Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
Park, K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine (20th
ed.).
Rao, B.S. Dr. (2005). Principles of Community Medicine (4th
ed.). Delhi: AITBS Publishers & Distributors.
Sethi, N. Mrs. (2011). Community Health Nursing (Principles &
Practices) (1st ed.). Lahore: Awami Book House.
www.academia.edu/5673406/
The_Five_Stages_of_Prevention_A_New_Paradigm_for_Cla
ssifying_the_Prevention_of_Disease_Updated_2014_
www.googleimages.com
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Thank you!