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method

1 To 1 INTRODUCTION: Lecture Black To

introduce min The goals of community nurses are to promote health, to cum board introduce
the topic preserve health, to restore health when it is impaired, and to discussion the topic
minimize suffering and distress. These goals are embodied in method
the word “prevention". Successful prevention depends upon a
knowledge of causation, dynamics of transmission,
identification of risk factors and risk groups, availability of
prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures, an
organization for applying these measures to appropriate
2 3
persons or groups, and continuous evaluation of and
To define min To define
development of procedures applied.
prevention s preventio
DEFINITIONS:
n
• “Activities designed to protect patients or o ther
members of the public from actual or potential
health threats and their harmful consequences.”
OR
• “Prevention is the action aimed at eradicating,
eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and
3 disability.”
To explain 20
levels of min To explain
prevention s levels of
LEVELS OF PREVENTION preventio
In modern day, the concept of prevention has become broad- n
based. It has become customary to define prevention in terms
of four levels:
1. primordial prevention
2. primary prevention
3 . secondary prevention
4. tertiary prevention
These differences of opinion are more semantic than
substantive. A general discussion of these concepts is given
below:
1. Primordial prevention
Primordial prevention, a new concept, is receiving special
attention in the prevention of chronic diseases. This is primary
prevention in its purest sense, that is, prevention of the
emergence or development of risk factors in countries or
population groups in which they have not yet appeared. For
example, many adult health problems (e .g., obesity,
hypertension) have their early origins in childhood, because this
is the time when lifestyles are formed (for example, smoking,
eating patterns, physical exercise). In primordial prevention,
efforts are directed towards discouraging children from adopting
harmful lifestyles. The main intervention in primordial
prevention is through individual and mass education.
2. Primary prevention
Primary prevention can be defined as "action taken prior to the
onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease
will ever occur". It signifies intervention in the pre-pathogenesis
phase of a disease or health problem (e.g., low birth weight) or
other departure from health. Primary prevention may be
accomplished by measures designed to promote general health
and well-being, and quality of life of people or by specific
protective measures. These are discussed in detail elsewhere
under "Mode of Intervention". Primary prevention is far more
than averting the occurrence of a disease and prolonging life. It
includes the concept of "positive health", a concept that
encourages achievement and maintenance of "an acceptable
level of health that will enable every individual to lead a socially
and economically productive life". It concerns an individual's
attitude towards life and health and the initiative he takes about
positive and responsible measures for himself, his family and
his community.
The concept of primary prevention is now being applied to the
prevention of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease,
hypertension and cancer based on elimination or modification
of "risk-factors" of disease. The WHO has recommended the
following approaches for the primary prevention of chronic
diseases where the risk factors are established.
a. population (mass) strategy
b. high-risk strategy
a. Population (mass) strategy
Another preventive approach is "population strategy" which is
directed at the whole population irrespective of individual risk
levels . For example, studies have shown that even a small
reduction in the average blood pressure or serum cholesterol
of a population would produce a large reduction in the
incidence of cardiovascular disease. The population approach
is directed towards socioeconomic, behavioural and lifestyle
changes.

b. High-risk strategy
The high-risk strategy aims to bring preventive care to
individuals at special risk. This requires detection of individuals
at high risk by the optimum use of clinical methods. Primary
prevention is a desirable goal. It is worthwhile to recall the fact
that the industrialized countries succeeded in eliminating a
number of communicable diseases like cholera, typhoid and
dysentery and controlling several others like plague, leprosy
and tuberculosis, not by medical interventions but mainly by
raising the standard of living (primary prevention). And much of
this success came even before immunization became universal
routine. The application of primary prevention to the prevention
of chronic disease is a recent development. To have an impact
on the population, all the above three approaches (primordial
prevention, population strategy and high-risk strategy) should
be implemented as they are usually complementary.

In summary, primary prevention is a "holistic" approach. It relies

on measures designed to promote health or to protect against
specific disease "agents" and hazards in the environment. It
utilizes knowledge of the prepathogenesis phase of disease,
embracing the agent, host and environment. Fundamental
public health measures and activities such as sanitation;
infection control; immunization; protection of food , milk, and
water supplies; environmental protection; and protection
against occupational hazards and
accidents are all basic to primary prevention. Basic personal
hygiene and public health measures have had a major impact
on halting communicable disease epidemics. immunization,
infection control (eg, hand washing),refrigeration of foods ,
garbage collection, solid and liquid waste management, water
supply protection and treatment, and general sanitation have
reduced infectious disease threats to populations. The safety
and low cost of primary prevention justifies its wider application.
Primary prevention has become increasingly identified with
"health education" and the concept of individual and community
responsibility for health.

3. Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention can be defined as "action which halts the
progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents
complications". The specific interventions are early diagnosis
(e.g., screening tests, case finding programmes) and adequate
treatment. By early diagnosis and adequate treatment,
secondary prevention attempts to arrest the disease process;
restore health by seeking out unrecognized disease and
 treating it before irreversible pathological changes have taken
place; and reverse communicability of infectious diseases. It
may also protect others in the community from acquiring the
infection and thus provide, at once, secondary prevention for
the infected individuals and primary prevention for their
potential contacts. Secondary prevention is largely the domain
of clinical medicine. The health programmes initiated by
governments are usually at the level of secondary prevention.
The drawback of secondary prevention is that the patient has
already been subject to mental anguish , physical pain; and the
4 community to loss of productivity. These situations are not
To describe encountered in primary prevention. Secondary prevention is an
modes of 20 imperfect tool in the control of transmission of disease. It is
intervention min often more expensive and less effective than primary To
s prevention. In the long run, human health, happiness and useful describe

longevity will be achieved at far less expense with less suffering modes of

through primary prevention than through secondary prevention. interventi

4. Tertiary prevention on

When the disease process has advanced beyond its early

stages, it is still possible to accomplish prevention by what
might be called "tertiary prevention". It signifies intervention in
the late pathogenesis phase. Tertiary prevention can be defined
as "all measures available to reduce or limit impairments and
disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing departures
from good health and to promote the patient's adjustment to
irremediable conditions" . For example, treatment, even if
undertaken late in the natural history of disease may prevent
squeal and limit disability. When defect and disability are more
or less stabilized, rehabilitation may play a preventable role.
Modern rehabilitation includes psychosocial, vocational, and
medical components based on team work from a variety of
professions. Tertiary prevention extends the concept of
prevention into fields of rehabilitation.

MODES OF INTERVENTION
"Intervention" can be defined as any attempt to intervene or
interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in
man. This may be by the provision of treatment, education, help
or social support. Five modes of intervention have been
described which form a continuum corresponding to the natural
history -of any disease. Theselevels are related to agent, host
and environment.
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early diagnosis and treatment
4. Disability limitation
5. Rehabilitation
1 Health promotion
Health promotion is "the process of enabling people to increase
control over and to improve health ". It is not directed against
any particular disease, but is intended to strengthen the host
through a variety of approaches (interventions). The well-
known interventions in this area are:
i. health education
ii. Environmental modifications
iii. Nutritional interventions
iv. Lifestyle and behavioural changes
Health education: This is one of the most cost-effective
interventions. A large number of diseases could be prevented
with little or no medical intervention if people were adequately
informed about them and if they were encouraged to take
necessary precautions in time. Recognizing this truth, the
WHO's constitution states that "the extension to all people of
the benefits of medical, psychological and related knowledge is
essential to the fullest attainment of health". The targets for
educational efforts may include the general public, patients,
priority groups, health providers, community leaders and
decision-makers.
Environmental modifications: A comprehensive approach to
health promotion requires environmental modifications, such as
provision of safe water; installation of sanitary latrines; control
of insects and rodents; improvement of housing, etc. The
history of medicine has shown that many infectious diseases
have been successfully controlled in western countries through
environmental modifications, even prior to the development of
specific vaccines or chemotherapeutic drugs. Environmental
interventions are non-clinical and do not involve the physician.

Nutritional inte rventions : These comprise food distribution

and nutrition improvement of vulnerable groups; child feeding
programmes; food fortification; nutrition education, etc.

Lifestyle and behavioural changes: The conventional public

health measures or interventions have not been successful in
making inroads into lifestyle reforms. The action of prevention
in this case, is one of individual and community responsibility
for health the physician and in fact each health worker acting as
an educator than a therapist. Health education is a basic
element of all health activity. It is of paramount importance in
changing the views, behaviour and habits of people. Since
health promotion comprises a broad spectrum of activities, a
well-conceived health promotion programme would first attempt
to identify the ·'target groups" or at-risk individuals in a
population and then direct more appropriate message to them.
Goals must be defined. Means and alternative means of
accomplishing them must be explored. It involves
"organizational, political, social and economic interventions
designed to facilitate environmental and behavioural
adaptations that will improve or protect health".

2. Specific protection
To avoid disease altogether is the ideal but this is possible only
in a limited number of cases. The following are some of the
currently available interventions aimed at specific protection: (a)
immunization (b) use of specific nutrients (c) chemoprophylaxis
(d) protection against occupational hazards (e) protection
against accidents (f) protection from carcinogens (g) avoidance
of allergens (h) the control of specific hazards in the general
environment, e.g., air pollution, noise control (i) control of
consumer product quality and safety of foods, drugs, cosmetics,
etc.
Health protection
The term "health protection" which is quite often used, is not
synonymous with specific protection. Health protection is
defined as "The provision of conditions for normal mental and
physical functioning of the human being individually and in the
group. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of
sickness and curative and restorative medicine in all its
aspects" . In fact, health protection is conceived as an integral
part of an overall community development programme,
associated with activities such as literacy Campaigns,
education and food production. Thus health protection covers a
much wider field of health activities than specific protection.

3. Early diagnosis and treatment

A WHO Expert Committee (114) defined early detection of
health impairment as "the detection of disturbances of
homoeostatic and compensatory mechanism while biochemical,
morphological, and functional changes are still reversible."
Thus, in order to prevent overt disease or disablement, the
criteria of diagnosis should, if possible, be based on early
biochemical, morphological and functional changes that
precede the occurrence of manifest signs and symptoms. This
is of particular importance in chronic
diseases. Early detection and treatment are the main
interventions of disease control. The earlier a disease is
diagnosed and treated the better it is from the point of view of
prognosis and preventing the occurrence of further cases
(secondary cases} or any long-term disability. It is like stamping
out the "spark" rather than calling the fire brigade to put out the
fire. Strictly speaking, early diagnosis and treatment cannot be
called prevention because the disease has a already
commenced in the host. However, since early diagnosis and
treatment intercepts the disease process, it has been included
in the schema of prevention, in as much as the goal of
prevention is "to oppose or intercept a cause to prevent or
dissipate its effect.". Early diagnosis and treatment though not
as effective and economical as "primary prevention" may be
critically important in reducing the high morbidity and mortality
in certain diseases such as essential hypertension, cancer
cervix and breast cancer. For many others such as
tuberculosis, leprosy and STD, early diagnosis and treatment
are the only effective mode of intervention. Early effective
therapy has made it possible to shorten considerably the period
of communicability and reduce the mortality from acute
communicable diseases.
Mass treatment: A mass treatment approach is used in the
control of certain diseases, viz. yaws, pinta, bejel, trachoma
and filaria , The rationale for a mass treatment programme is
the existence of at least 4- 5 cases of latent infection for each
clinical case of active disease in the community. Patients with a
latent (incubating) infection may develop disease at any time. In
such cases, mass treatment is a critical factor in the interruption
of disease transmission. There are many variants of mass
treatment - total mass treatment, juvenile mass treatment,
selective mass treatment, depending
4. Disability limitation
When a patient reports late in the pathogenesis phase, the
mode of intervention is disability limitation. The objective of this
intervention is to prevent or halt the transition of the disease
process from impairment to handicap.
Concept of disability
The sequence of events leading to disability and handicap have
been stated
Disease impairment disability handicap The WHO has defined
these terms as follows :
(i) Impairment: An impairment is defined as "any loss or
abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical
structure or function", e.g. , loss of foot, defective vision or
mental retardation. An impairment may be visible or invisible,
temporary or permanent, progressive or regressive. Further,
one impairment may lead to the development of "secondary"
impairments as in the case of leprosy where damage to nerves
(primary impairment) may lead to plantar ulcers (secondary
impairment).
(ii) Disability: Because of an impairment, the affected person
may be unable to carry out certain activities considered normal
for his age, sex, etc. This inability to carry out certain activities
is termed "disability". A disability has been defined as "any
restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner
or within the range considered normal for a human being" .
(iii} Handicap : As a result of disability, the person experiences
certain disadvantages in life and is not able to discharge the
obligations required of him and play the role expected of him in
the society. This is termed "handicap", and is defined as "a
disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an
impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of
a role that is normal (depending on age, sex, and social and
cultural factors) for that individual".

Taking accidents as an example, the above terms can be

explained further as follows
Accident.. ........... Disease (or disorder)
Loss of foot ....... Impairment (extrinsic or intrinsic)
Cannot walk ....... . Disability (objectified)
Unemployed ...... . Handicap (socialized )

The intervention in disability will often be social or

environmental as well as medical. While impairment which is
the earliest stage has a large medical component, disability and
handicap which are later stages have large social and
environmental components in terms of dependence and social
cost.

Disability prevention
Another concept is "disability prevention". It relates to all the
levels of prevention: {a) reducing the occurrence of impairment,
viz. immunization against polio {primary prevention); {b)
disability limitation by appropriate treatment (secondary
prevention); and, (c) preventing the transition of disability into
handicap (tertiary prevention).The major causes of disabling
impairments in the developing countries are communicable
diseases, malnutrition, low quality of prenatal care and
accidents. These are responsible for about 70 per cent of cases
of disability in developing countries. Primary prevention is the
most effective way of dealing with the disability problem in
developing countries.

5. Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation has been defined as "the combined and
coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational
measures for training and retraining the individual to the highest
possible level of functional ability". It includes all measures
aimed at reducing the impact of disabling and handicapping
conditions and at enabling the disabled and handicapped to
achieve social integration. Social integration has been defined
as the active participation of disabled and handicapped people
in the mainstream of community life. It involves Rehabilitation
medicine or Physical medicine or Psychiatry has emerged in
recent years as a medical specialty. It aims to enhance and
restore functional ability and quality of
life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. A
physiatrist specializes in restoring optimal function to people
with injuries to the muscles, bones, ligaments or nervous
system. Six formal sub-specialization are recognized are:
neuromuscular medicine, pain medicine, pediatric rehabilitation
medicine, spinal cord injury medicine, sports medicine and
brain medicine. The paramedicals and non medical persons are
involved in the discipline such as physical medicine or
physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy,
audiology, psychology, education, social work,vocational
guidance and placement services.
The following areas of concern in rehabilitation have been
identified:
(a) Medical rehabilitation - restoration of function.
(b) Vocational rehabilitation - restoration of the capacity to
earn a livelihood.
(c) Social rehabilitation - restoration of family and social
relationships.
(d) Psychological rehabilitation - restoration of personal
dignity and confidence.

Rehabilitation is no longer looked upon as an extracurricular

activity of the physician. The current view is that the
responsibility of the doctor does not end when the "temperature
touches normal and stitches are removed''. The patient must be
restored and retrained "to live and work within the limits of his
disability but to the hilt of his capacity". As such medical
rehabilitation should start very early in the process of medical
treatment. Examples of rehabilitation are: establishing schools
for the blind, provision of aids for the crippled, reconstructive
surgery in leprosy, muscle re-education and graded exercises
in neurological disorders, change of profession for a more
suitable one and modification of life in general in the case of
tuberculosis, cardiac patients and others. The purpose of
rehabilitation is to make productive people out of nonproductive
people.
SUMMARY:
Till now we discussed about various levels of prevention and its
modes of intervention with suitable examples
CONCLUSION:
As a community health nurse we should have great knowledge
regarding levels of prevention to bring desired health among
the community population.
EVALUATION:

Define prevention?

Explain levels of prevention?

Describe modes of intervention?

ASSIGNMENT:

Preparation of model on levels of prevention

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. K. Park ‘’text book of preventive and social medicine’

2011, twenty first edition, M/s Banarsidas Bhanot
publishers page no: 838-848.
2. Basavantappa ‘’text book of community health nursing’’ 4 th
edition, 2008, jan 2004 published by banasidas Bhanot
page no: 258- 262
3. Kamala ‘’text book of community healthy nursing’’ 1 st
edition 2010, Florence publishers page no: 100-116
4. K.kn Gulani ‘’text book of community health nursing 1 st
edition 2005, Nelam kumar publishers, page no: 89-95
5. Keshav swarnkar ‘’text book of community health nursing’’
2nd edition(2006) N.R Brothers publisherspage no: 201-
 210.

LESSON PLAN
ON
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Presented by : K.Sagar, M.sc (nursing)

Subject : Community health nursing

Topic : Levels of prevention

Group :

Size of the group :

Teaching and learning method: lecture cum discussion method

AV aids : black board, PPT

Date and Time : 45 min

 OBJECTIVES OF LESSON PLAN

General objective:

At the end of the class, the student will be able to acquire the knowledge regarding the levels of
prevention and develop positive attitude towards the community population and practice modes of
interventions based on needs of community.
Specific objectives:

By the end of the class the student will be able to:

 introduce the topic

 define the prevention

 explain levels of prevention

 describe modes of intervention