INTRODUCTION TO

ANALOG ELECTRONICS
 Course Overview
• Evaluation:
– Labs
– Midterm Exam: Translation Assignments and Projects
– Final Exam: Writing or Oral exam
• Relevant knowledge:
– Electronics, Microprocessing, Computer, …
• Website:
– https://sites.google.com/site/3iquangnc
– Refer to the information on the website for more details
• Requirements for exams
– Registration on the course website
– Labs and project completion
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 Syllabus (1)
• Introduction and overview
• Diodes/PN junctions and application circuits
• BJT fundamentals: introduction, structure, operational principle and
modes, classification, biasing, models and small signal analysis,
BJT amplifiers configurations, DC and AC load lines and
applications
• FET fundamentals: introduction, structure, operational principle and
modes, classification, biasing, models and small signal analysis,
BJT amplifiers configurations, DC and AC load lines and
applications
• Cascaded amplifiers and multistage amplifiers (BJT and FET)
• Current sources and differential amplifiers
• Review and comparison of electronic switches and power devices
 Syllabus (2)
• OPAMP (Operational amplifiers): introduction, structure, operational
principle, characteristics, diode-operational amplifier circuits and application
circuits (inverting/non-inverting amplifiers, other circuits, differential
amplifiers, V-I converters, Schmitt triggers, clipper and clamper circuits,
precision rectifiers, logarithmic amplifiers, peak detectors, sample and hold
circuits)
• Comparators
• Frequency response analysis
• Power amplifiers
• Power supply design
• Oscillators and waveform generators
Multi-vibrators and 555 timers
ADC/DAC
• Analog interfacing, practical systems and applications
Subdisciplines of Electrical Engineering

• Semiconductor Devices
• Magnetic Materials
• Power Electronics
• Control Systems
• Electromagnetics
• Sensors
• Analog and Digital Electronics
• Signal Processing
 Introduction
• Electronics may be defined as the science and technology of
electronic devices and systems.

• Electronic devices are primarily non-linear devices such as

diodes and transistors and in general integrated circuits (ICs) in
which small signals (voltages and currents) are applied to them.
Of course, electronic systems may include resistors, capacitors
and inductors as well. Because resistors, capacitors and
inductors existed long ago before the advent of semiconductor
diodes and transistors, these devices are thought of as electrical
devices and the systems that consist of these devices are
generally said to be electrical rather than electronic systems. As
we know, with today’s technology, ICs are getting smaller and
smaller and thus the modern IC technology is referred to as
microelectronics.
Continuous & Discrete systems
 Analog vs. Digital
• What is an Analog Signal?

- The signal is the real information. We care about the signal's value at every moment of time.

- An analog signal is a time varying signal that can take on any value across a continuous range.

or

- Any variable that is continuous in both time and amplitude

i.e., there is information on the signal at all moments in time (no gaps)
i.e., time moves forward
i.e, it cannot change amplitudes instantaneously (we construct special math for these
cases)

Examples
- sound, light, smell, a sine wave, electricity from the wall

• We live in an analog world. Our senses are analog.

 Analog vs. Digital
• What is a Digital Signal?
- The signal is a representation of the information.

or

- Representations of discrete-time signals, typically derived from analog signals.

- We are not sending the actual data, just a coded description of it. The receiver will decode it and
know what you meant.

• Examples
- Morris Code
- A smile or frown

• Since we live in an analog world, digital information must be

converted back to analog in order for humans to sense it.
 Analog vs. Digital

• Digital systems: computation, data processing, control,

communication, measurement
- Reliable, Integration
• Analog – Continuous
- Natural Phenomena
(Pressure, Temperature, Speed…)
- Difficulty in realizing, processing using electronics

• Digital – Discrete
- Binary Digit  Signal Processing as Bit unit
- Easy in realizing, processing using electronics
- High performance due to Integrated Circuit Technology
 Analog vs. Digital
• Disadvantages of Analog Signals
- The universe is filled with electrical noise.
Thermal Noise
– caused by thermal agitation of charge carriers inside an electrical
conductor
Shot Noise
- random fluctuations in current due to the current being composed of
discrete charges
(electrons)
- This noise can be present on all signals (analog or digital).
- This is a problem for analog signals because the signal represents
the real information (which now has noise on it).

• Advantages of Digital Signals

- We can have a little noise on a digital signal and still be able to determine
what the
original information was.
- It is easier to fabricate a functional digital circuit than an analog circuit.
- We can shrink digital circuits much more than analog circuits.
Reasons for prevalence of digital control & signal
processing
 Analog vs. Digital
• Evolution from Analog to Digital
Analog Digital

Photography film pixels

Music records, tapes CD's, MP3'S
Video VHS, CRT DVD's, LCD's
Communications original signal coded version
General Concepts in Electronics
 Voltage and Current
1. The voltage associated with a circuit element is the energy
transferred per unit of charge that flows through the element. The
units of voltage are volts (V), which are equivalent to joules per
coulomb (J/C).

2. Electrical current is the time rate of flow of electrical charge

through a conductor or circuit element. The units are amperes
(A), which are equivalent to coulombs per second (C/s).
 POWER AND ENERGY
p ( t )  v ( t )i ( t )
t2

w  p(t )dt
t1

Conductance
1
G 
R
i  Gv
 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
• The net current entering a node is zero.

• Alternatively, the sum of the currents

entering a node equals the sum of the
currents leaving a node.
 KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
The algebraic sum of the voltages equals
zero for any closed path (loop) in an
electrical circuit.
Components in Analog Electronics
Electronic Components
Electronic Circuits
Electronic Systems
Electronic Component Classification
 Passive Components/Devices

Resistor + V -
R I
V  IR, v(t)  i(t)R

+ Vc -
Capacitor V  IXc 
I
2fC
1
, vc (t)   ic (t) dt
C
+C VL - ic
Inductor V  IXL  I  2fL, vL (t)  L
di L(t)
dt
L iL
Crystal Seriesfrequency= fS =
1 Parallel frequency  fP 
1
(Frequency selection)  C C 
2p CS L 2  S P  L
 CS  CP 

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 Active Devices

Bi-junction Transistor (BJT)

Field-effect Transistor (FET)
Diode
Operational Amplifier (Op. Amp.)
Transformer

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Electronic Engineering Fundamental Blocks

Amplifier
RC
R2
VO
CB CC

R1 RL
RE CE

Input Vin = 1mV (pp) BJT CE Amplifier Output VOUT = 200 mV (pp)

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 Rectifier

VmS
n:1 Vdc Vm
t 220V
+
50Hz Vm C RL
  
-
high-voltage ac input low-voltage dc output
Half-wave Rectifier dc Power Supply 9V dc
220V ac

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 Voltage Regulator

Vm Ri ILmin to ILmax
Vdc Vdc
VSmin to VSmax VZ RL
       

IZmin to IZmax

Unregulated power supply Zener regulated Power Supply Regulated power supply +12V

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 Wave Shaper

0 VO 0
-VB VB
-VB

Input Output
Full sine wave Clipped sine wave
Positive-peak clipper

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Oscillator VDD

VDD Input dc VDD    

RD
Vm 6.5nF
6.5nF 6.5nF
S
t

R R R
Output ac sine wave

Phase-shift Oscillator

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Digital Logic Gate

VCC
A
4k 130
16k t
Q3 B
A
t Q2 t
A
Y
B B
Q1 IC1 Y t
t
Q4
Digital Inputs “A” & “B” 1k
Digital Output “Y”

TTL NAND Logic Gate

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 Analog to Digital Converter

VCC

Binary Counter R1
clk 8
7 3
Op. Amp. R2 Digital Output “0 1 0 0”
555
up 2,6
Analog down QA Q B QC QD C 4
Analog input QA
In
R 8R
2 volt QA t
4R QB
QB
t 2R
QC Q t
t1 R C
Op. Amp. QD
Analog input 2 V at t1 QD t

Tracking Analog to Digital (A/D) Converter t

t1

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