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133 Chapter 092002
133 Chapter 092002
(Chapter 9)
Purpose: Provide students with the
math skills needed to make long-
term decisions.
Future Value of a Single Amount
Present Value of a Single Amount
Future Value of an Annuity
Present Value of an Annuity
Annuity Due
Perpetuities
Nonannual Periods
Effective Annual Rates
Calculators
Students are strongly
encouraged to use a
financial calculator when
solving discounted cash
flow problems. Throughout
the lecture materials,
setting up the problem and
tabular solutions have been
emphasized. Financial
calculators, however, truly
simplify the process.
More on Calculators
Note: Read the instructions accompanying
your calculator. Procedures vary at times
among calculators (e.g., some require
outflows to be entered as negative
numbers, and some do not).
Also, see Appendix E in the text, “Using
Calculators for Financial Analysis.”
Future Value of a Single Amount
FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
fv is the future value
Rate is the interest rate per period
Nper is the total number of periods
Pmt is the annuity amount
pv is the present value
Type is 0 if cash flows occur at the end of the period
Type is 1 if cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
Example: =fv(7%,18,0,-1000,0) is equal to $3,379.93
Interest Rates, Time, and Future Value
Future Value of $100
2500
16%
2000
0%
1500
6%
10% 1000
16% 10%
500
6%
0 0%
0 4 8 12 16 20
Number of Periods
Present Value of a Single Amount
FVn PV (1 i ) n Compoundin g
FVn 1
PV FVn n
Discountin g
(1 i ) n
(1 i )
1
where : n
is the PV of $1 interest factor
(1 i )
(See Appendix B for calculations)
Present Value of a Single Amount
(An Example)
How much would you be willing to pay today for the
right to receive $1,000 five years from now, given you
wish to earn 6% on your investment:
1
PV $1000 5
(1.06)
= $1000(.747)
= $747
Present Value of a Single Amount
(Spreadsheet Example)
PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
pv is the present value
Rate is the interest rate per period
Nper is the total number of periods
Pmt is the annuity amount
fv is the future value
Type is 0 if cash flows occur at the end of the period
100
0%
80 0%
60 6%
10%
6%
40 16%
10
20
%
16%
0
0 4 8 12 16
End of Time Period
Future Value of an Annuity
FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
fv is the future value
Rate is the interest rate per period
Nper is the total number of periods
Pmt is the annuity amount
pv is the present value
Type is 0 if cash flows occur at the end of the period
Type is 1 if cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
Example: =fv(14%,12,-1000,0,0) is equal to $27,270.75
Present Value of an Annuity
PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
pv is the present value
Rate is the interest rate per period
Nper is the total number of periods
Pmt is the annuity amount
fv is the future value
Type is 0 if cash flows occur at the end of the period
Type is 1 if cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
Example: =pv(9%,20,-500000,0,0) is equal to $4,564,272.83
Summary of Compounding and
Discounting Equations
In each of the equations above:
– Future Value of a Single Amount
– Present Value of a Single Amount
– Future Value of an Annuity
– Present Value of an Annuity
there are four variables (interest rate, number
of periods, and two cash flow amounts).
Given any three of these variables, you can
solve for the fourth.
A Variety of Problems
In addition to solving for future value and
present value, the text provides good
examples of:
– Solving for the interest rate
– Solving for the number of periods
– Solving for the annuity amount
– Dealing with uneven cash flows
– Amortizing loans
– Etc.
We will cover these topics as we go over the
assigned homework.
Annuity Due
A series of consecutive payments or receipts of equal
amount at the beginning of each period for a
specified number of periods. To analyze an annuity
due using the tabular approach, simply multiply the
outcome for an ordinary annuity for the same number
of periods by (1 + i). Note: Throughout the course,
assume cash flows occur at the end of each period,
unless explicitly stated otherwise.
FV and PV of an Annuity Due:
PP
PV
i
Nonannual Periods
mn
i
FVn PV 1
m
1
PV FVn mn
i
1
m
m = number of times compounding occurs per year
i = annual stated rate of interest
Example: Suppose you invest $1000 at an annual
rate of 8% with interest compounded a) annually, b)
semi-annually, c) quarterly, and d) daily. How much
would you have at the end of 4 years?
Nonannual Example Continued
Annually
– FV4 = $1000(1 + .08/1)(1)(4) = $1000(1.08)4 = $1360
Semi-Annually
– FV4 = $1000(1 + .08/2)(2)(4) = $1000(1.04)8 = $1369
Quarterly
– FV4 = $1000(1 + .08/4)(4)(4) = $1000(1.02)16 = $1373
Daily
– FV4 = $1000(1 + .08/365)(365)(4)
= $1000(1.000219)1460 = $1377
Effective Annual Rate (EAR)
m
inom
EAR 1 10
.
m
where:
inom nominal or quoted annual rate
inom
periodic rate (rate per period)
m
m number of periods per year