CURSORS

S.Naji
naji@nsbm.lk
Cursors
 A cursor is a temporary work area created in the
system memory when a SQL statement is executed.
A cursor contains information on a select statement
and the rows of data accessed by it. This temporary
work area is used to store the data retrieved from
the database, and manipulate this data. A cursor can
hold more than one row, but can process only one
row at a time. The set of rows the cursor holds is
called theactive set.
Types of cursors
 There are two types of cursors in PL/SQL:
 Implicit cursors:
 These are created by default when DML statements like, INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE statements are executed. They are also created
when a SELECT statement that returns just one row is executed.

 Explicit cursors:
 They must be created when you are executing a SELECT statement that
returns more than one row. Even though the cursor stores multiple records,
only one record can be processed at a time, which is called as current row.
When you fetch a row the current row position moves to next row.
 Both implicit and explicit cursors have the same functionality, but they
differ in the way they are accessed.
S.No Attribute & Description
%FOUND
Returns TRUE if an INSERT, UPDATE, or
1 DELETE statement affected one or more rows or a
SELECT INTO statement returned one or more
rows. Otherwise, it returns FALSE.
%NOTFOUND
The logical opposite of %FOUND. It returns TRUE
2 if an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement
affected no rows, or a SELECT INTO statement
returned no rows. Otherwise, it returns FALSE.
%ISOPEN
Always returns FALSE for implicit cursors, because
3
Oracle closes the SQL cursor automatically after
executing its associated SQL statement.
%ROWCOUNT
Returns the number of rows affected by an INSERT,
4
UPDATE, or DELETE statement, or returned by a
SELECT INTO statement.
 Implicit Cursor

DECLARE total_rows number(2);

BEGIN
UPDATE customers SET salary = salary + 500;
IF sql%notfound THEN dbms_output.put_line('no
customers selected’);
ELSIF sql%found THEN total_rows := sql%rowcount;
dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' customers
selected ‘);
END IF;
END; /
Explicit Cursor
 CURSOR cursor_name
IS
SELECT_statement;

Example
CURSOR c1
IS
SELECT course_number
from courses_tbl
where course_name = name_in;
DECLARE c_id customers.id%type;
c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
CURSOR c_customers is SELECT id, name, address
FROM customers;
BEGIN OPEN c_customers;
LOOP FETCH c_customers into c_id, c_name,
c_addr;
EXIT WHEN c_customers%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(c_id || ' ' || c_name || '
' || c_addr);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c_customers;
END; /
Cursor Declaration
 DECLARE
 CURSOR employee_cur IS
 SELECT * FROM employee
 FOR UPDATE OF salary;
 BEGIN
 FOR employee_rec IN employee_cur
 LOOP
 UPDATE employee
 SET salary = 10000
 WHERE CURRENT OF employee_cur;
 END LOOP;
 END;
 /
Check the answer

 Select * from employee;

Cursor Declaration (Example)
 DECLARE
 v_salary employee.salary%TYPE;


 CURSOR c_Registeredemployee IS
 SELECT *
 FROM employee
 WHERE id IN ('01')
 FOR UPDATE OF salary;

Continue….
 BEGIN
 -- Set up the cursor fetch loop.
 v_salary := 100;
 FOR v_employeeInfo IN c_Registeredemployee LOOP


 -- Update the row we just retrieved from the cursor.

 UPDATE employee
 SET salary = salary + v_salary
 WHERE CURRENT OF c_Registeredemployee;
 END LOOP;


 -- Commit our work.

 COMMIT;
 END;
 /
Record

• Table-based
• Cursor-based records
• User-defined records

• row%type is used to access first 2

records (table,cursor)
 Table based Record
DECLARE
customer_rec customers%rowtype;
BEGIN
SELECT * into customer_rec FROM customers WHERE
id = 5;
dbms_output.put_line('Customer ID: ' ||
customer_rec.id);
dbms_output.put_line('Customer Name: ' ||
customer_rec.name);
dbms_output.put_line('Customer Address: ' ||
customer_rec.address);
dbms_output.put_line('Customer Salary: ' ||
customer_rec.salary);
END; /
 Cursor Based Record
DECLARE CURSOR
customer_cur is
SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;
customer_rec customer_cur%rowtype;
BEGIN
OPEN customer_cur;
LOOP FETCH customer_cur into customer_rec;
EXIT WHEN customer_cur%notfound;
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(customer_rec.id || ' '
|| customer_rec.name);
END LOOP;
END; /
Commit
 Just the Word commit used to save the current
changes permernantly

 Commit

 Set autocommit on (to on the Auto commit option)

Rollback
 To Cancel the Last changes

 Rollback

 ** If you used Commit , then it cannot be Rolled

back
Save point
 Format

 SAVEPOINT S1;

 USING ROLLBACK WITH SAVE POINT

 ROLLBACK TO S1;