KNA1402

Civil Engineering Materials

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 WELCOME TO UNIMAS
• My name is:
– Associate Professor Dr Mohammad Ibrahim Safawi b
Mohammad Zain
• I will be teaching you concrete material
– Week 1 to week 5
– One mid-term test (15%)
• My hp no:
– 013-8181905
• My office:
– Level 2 Faculty of Engineering building
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INTRODUCING THE COURSE
• Name of course:
– Civil Engineering Materials
• Course code:
– KNS1042
• Course lecturers:
– Associate Professor Dr Mohammad Ibrahim Safawi b
Mohammad Zain (concrete material)
– HP: 0138181905 (office hours pls)
– Professor Abd Mannan (steel, timber, masonry)
– Mr Ron Aldrino Chan (asphalt)
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 PARTNERING COURSE
• Name of course:
– Engineering Lab 1
• Course code:
– KNS 1451
• Course content;
– Experimental works on concrete

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 COURSE OUTLINE
• Course content:
– Concrete, asphalt, steel, timber and masonry
• Course Assessment
– Test 1 (15%)
– Site report (25%)
– Assignments (20%)
– Final Exam (40%)
• Course reference
– Adam Neville, Neil Jackson & Shan Shomayaji

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 COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1 Analyse the characteristics of engineering
materials used in civil engineering
construction

CO2 Develop concrete mix design based on

typical environmental condition

CO3 Relate and select materials for different

applications in civil engineering works.

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 COURSE ASSESSMENT
• Dr Ibrahim
1. CLO 2 - Test (15%)
2. CLO1 - Assignment 1 (10%)
• Prof Manan
1. CLO 2- Building Assessment Report (25%)
2. CLO 3 - Final Exam Q1,Q2 and Q3 (30%)
• Ron
1. CLO 1 - Assignment 2 (10%)
2. CLO 3 - Final Exam Q4 (10%)
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 WEEK 1-5 CONCRETE
1. Introduction, cement
2. Aggregates
3. Fresh concrete
4. Mix design
5. Hardened concrete

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 Introduction to Materials for Construction
Civil engineering materials
Properties of engineering materials
KNS145
1 Mix Proportioning and Design
CLASS Mix design
Mix design procedure
Concrete Technology
Importance of concrete
Types of concrete
Components of concrete
Cement: Portland cement and hydration
Concrete Technology (Cont.)
Aggregates: Types and properties of aggregates
Admixtures: Chemical admixtures and mineral
admixtures/pozzolans
Water: Quality of mixing and curing
Properties of Fresh Concrete
Properties of fresh concrete
Factors affecting consistency and workability
Segregation and bleeding
Properties of Hardened Concrete
Strength
Durability
Properties of Hardened Concrete
Impermeability
Dimensional changes KNA1402 9
Factors affecting strength of concrete
 LET US START
• GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

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 QUIZ TIME

• What makes a difference

between concrete and the other
materials of construction?

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 CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
• Strength
• Density
• Durability
• Shrinkage
• Abrasion resistance
• E, thermal coefficient

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WHAT IS MORTAR

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WHAT IS PASTE?

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WHAT IS CONCRETE?

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Coarse
aggregates Hardened
mortar

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 TWO PHASES

FRESH CONCRETE HARDENED CONCRETE

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 Portland Cement
• Dark gray powder
• Chemical combination of:
– Calcium carbonate
– Alumina
– Silica
– Iron oxide
– Calcium sulphate, gypsum

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 CEMENT PRODUCTION
• Mix limestone and clay, and heat it in a kiln
– Limestone, lime chalk
– Clay, silt, shale
• Quarry, primary crusher, conveyer,, second
crusher
• Heating melts all components, drives the
water out, & fuses the ingredient

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 Production
• Mix limestone and clay, and heat it in a kiln
– Limestone, lime chalk
– Clay, silt, shale
• Quarry, primary crusher, conveyer, second crusher
• Add gypsum and minor additions
• Heat to 1450C in kiln to form clinker
• Heating melts all components, drives the water out,
& fuses the ingredient
• Grind clinker to powder
• Bag or bulk delivery
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 Other hydraulic cement
• Air entrained cement
• White cement
• Blended hydraulic cement

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 Pozzolan
• An inert silicious materials which, in the
presence of water, will combine with lime
to produce a cementitious matter excellent
structural properties.

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 Advantages of pozzolans
• Improved workability
• Economy
• Reduced alkali-aggregate reaction
• Increased sulfate resistance

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 Various cement constituents
• There are 4 major constituents of Portland
cement
– C3S tri calcium sulphate
– C2S di calcium sulphate
– C3A Tri calcium aluminate
– C4AF Tetra calcium alumino ferrite

C=CaO, S=SiO2, A=Al2O3, F=Fe2O3

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 Various cement constituents
• C3S = 2CaO.SiO2
• C3S = 3CaO.SiO2
• C3A = 3CaO.Al2O3
• C4AF = 4CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3

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Portland cement composition
Oxide Content, %
CaO 60-67
SiO2 17-25
Al2O3 3-8
Fe2O3 0.5-6.0
MgO 0.5-4.0
Alkalis (as Na2O) 0.3-1.2
SO3 2.0-3.5
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Typical oxide composition
Oxide Content, %
CaO 63
SiO2 20
Al2O3 6
Fe2O3 3
MgO 1.5
Alkalis (as Na2O) 1
SO3 2
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Typical compound composition
Compound Content, %
C2S 17
C3S 54
C3A 11
C4AF 9

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 Hydration characteristics
Compounds Reaction strength Heat
rate liberation
C3S moderate high High
C2S slow Low initially, Low
high later
C3A+ fast Low Very high
CSH2
C4AF+ moderate Low Moderate
CSH2
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compound – rate of hydration

Compound Typical
Content, % Increasing
C2S 17 rate of
C3S 54 hydration
C3A 11
C4AF 9

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compound – rate of hydration

Compound % hydration
at 1 day Increasing
C2S 5 rate of
hydration
C3S 40
C3A 80
C4AF 90

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compound – rate of hydration

Compound % hydration
at 7 day Increasing
C2S 10 rate of
hydration
C3S 50
C3A 85
C4AF 95

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compound – rate of hydration

Compound % hydration
at 180 day Increasing
C2S 50 rate of
hydration
C3S 75
C3A 95
C4AF 100

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 compound – rate of hydration
Adding gypsum retards the flash set of C3A
and water:

Compound % hydration
at 1 day Increasing
C2S 5 rate of
hydration
C3S 401
C3A 80
C4AF 90

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 Types of Portland Cement
American Standard classification
• Type I general purpose (ordinary)
• Type II mod. Sulfate resistance & mod.
Heat of hydration
• Type III High Early Strength (Rapid
hardening)
• Type IV Low heat of hydration
• Type V Sulfate resistance
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 Properties of Portland cement
• Fineness
• Soundness consistency
• Setting time
• Compressive strength
• Loss on ignition
• Air content

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 Other properties of Portland
cement
• False set
• Specific gravity
• Weight
• Hot cement
– Max. allowable temp. 65-85 degrees C
• Compressive strength
• X-ray diffraction
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 Portland cement chemistry
Limit on chemical components in cement (%):
Type C2S C3S C3A C4AF+2
(C3A)
I (OPC)
II (HES) <15
IV (LH) >40 <35 <7
V (SR) <5 <25
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 Portland cement chemistry
Typical chemical components in cement (%):
Type C2S C3S C3A C4AF+2
(C3A)
I (OPC) 25 49 12 8
II (HES) 15 56 12 8
IV (LH) 46 30 5 13
V (SR) 36 43 4 12
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 Cement hydration
• Hydration of cement is the key to concrete’s
performance in terms of durability and
strength
• Hydration of calcium silicates
• Hydration of calcium aluminates
• Effect of gypsum on hydration of cements
• Nature of hydration products

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 Cement hydration
• Rate of setting and hardening (kinetics)
• Effect of temperature
• Effect of admixture
• Temperature rise in concrete (energetics)
• Development of microstructure
(stoichiometry)
• Degree of hydration
• Total porosity
• Chemical durability
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 Heat of hydration
Heat of hydration is the heat generated when
cement and water react. The amount of
heat generated is dependent chiefly upon
the chemical composition of the cement,
with C3A and C3S being the compounds
primarily responsible for high heat
evolution

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Hydration of cement
• Each cement particle:
– One million million
particles per Kg cement
– s.g. approx 3.15
– spec. fineness 350-380
m2/kg

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 Hydration of cement
• Cement particle reacts
with water
H2O

• C3A reacts quickly with

water to form ettringite
crystals

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Hydration of cement
• Later, slower growing
calcium silicate hydrate (C-
S-H) crystals also form
• Generally, the slower the
crystal growth, the greater
the eventual strenhgth
• Hydration products are gel
plus Ca(OH)2

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 Hydration of cement

H2O

• Initial crystal growth causes only a slight

stiffening of the paste, as the cement
particles are far enough not to interact
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 Hydration of cement

H2O

• But as the crystals grow and intersect, setting

(stiffening of the paste) and eventually hardening
(strength increase occurs)

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 Hydration of cement
H2O

• The closer the particles, i.e. the lower the

water:cement ratio, the higher the eventual
strength, density and durability
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 Setting of Portland Cement

Resistance to
penetration
Load bearing
Transitional

castable
time

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 Hydration products
• Calcium silicate hydrate, CSH
• 50-60% volume of hydrated cement paste (HCP)
• Calcium hydroxide, CH
• 20-25% of HCP
• Calcium sulfoaluminates
• Water
• Pores
• Capillary pores
• Gel pores KNA1402 57
 Pore system
• Gel pores Vs Capillary pores
• Effects on shrinkage
• Strength
• Permeability
Capillary
pores

Gel pores

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 Nature of H2O in HCP

• Chemically combined water

• Non-evaporable water
• Water in CSH layers
• Water in pores
• Capillary pores
• Gel pores
• Adsorbed water interspace of the CSH particles

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 Strength development
100%
90%

strength

28d
time
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Curing and strength development
strength moist cured entire time

90% in air after 7d

in air after 3d

in air entire time

28d
time
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