MECHANISM THAT

PRODUCE CHANGE
IN POPULATION
XII-MARK |
M O R A L ES ; PA BI R A N ; PATAY O N ; S A N TO S ; S U T I N
MECHANISM THAT PRODUCE CHANGE IN POPULATION:
• Hardy-Weinberg Principle
• Conditions that should be satisfied for a gene in a population to
be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Mathematical equation of the Hardy- Weinberg
• Genetic Mechanism that causes change in population
Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–

Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that
allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain
constant from generation to generation in the absence of
other evolutionary influences.
• Named after G.H Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg.
• Today, tests for Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies are used
primarily to test for population stratification and other forms of non-
random mating.
• The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that the genetic
variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to
the next in the absence of disturbing factors.
• When mating is random in a large population with no disruptive
circumstances, the law predicts that both genotype and allele
frequencies will remain constant because they are in equilibrium.
• In the simplest case of a single locus with two alleles denoted A and a
with frequencies
f(A) = p and f(a) = q,
respectively, the expected genotype frequencies under random mating
are
f(AA) = p2 for the AA homozygotes,
f(aa) = q2 for the aa homozygotes, and
f(Aa) = 2pq for the heterozygotes.
In the absence of selection, mutation, genetic drift, or other forces,
allele frequencies p and q are constant between generations, so
equilibrium is reached.
What are the conditions that should
be satisfied for a gene in a
population to be in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium?
• A large breeding population. -
• Random mating.
• No change in allelic frequency due to mutation.
• No immigration or emigration.
• No natural selection.
A large breeding population.
Random mating.
No change in allelic frequency due
to mutation.
No immigration or emigration.
No natural selection.
Mathemathical Equation of
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Recall:
f(A) = p and f(a) = q,
f(AA) = p2 for the AA homozygotes,
f(aa) = q2 for the aa homozygotes, and
f(Aa) = 2pq for the heterozygotes
• The Hardy-Weinberg equation is expressed as:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Genetic Mechanism that
causes change in population
• Mutation,
• Selection,
• Gene Flow/Migration,
• Genetic Drift