ICT GROUP 5

BONNEVIE, LANCE
ENDIONELA, MARK NELSON
LEE, IAN CHRISTOPER
OANA, ALFRED
VALENZUELA, JEDRICK
ZANTUA, JOHN JOSEPH
ANCHETA, JAMES
MARITIME NETWORK SYSTEM
I.INTRODUCTION

• Maritime networks are wireless multi-hop networks comprised of nodes that

establish connections among themselves and with a chain of shore stations
with backhaul infrastructure along coastlines
• The maritime networks provide broadband service to ferries, passenger and
cruise ships, fishing ships, freighter ships, surveillance and patrol ships ,
offshore operators , and so on, in order to deploy and support maritime
communication, navigation, and emergency response with satisfactory end-to-
end quality of service performance and user experience at low cost
I.INTRODUCTION

• The maritime networks possess two distinguishing

characteristics highly affected by maneuver at sea,
dynamic link quality and bandwidth constrained, and
dynamic network topology that warrant specific
attention
HISTORY OF MARITIME NETWORK SYSTEM

• Despite early cartographical and graph-theoretical analyses of maritime flows in the 1940s
and 1960s, it is only from the 2000s onwards that maritime network analysis had grown
apace, backed by newly available shipping data, increased computational power, and
renewed conceptual frameworks to study networks in general. The evolution of maritime
network analysis, in geography and other sciences, is marked by a wide diversity of
methods and themes, which we classify into three main parts.
HISTORY OF MARITIME
NETWORK SYSTEM

• We first present studies looking at maritime flows in an abstract space,

focusing on operational, statistical, or managerial aspects where navigation,
graph structure, and firms' strategies are the key concerns
• Second, we review research where maritime flows and networks are markers
and vectors of wider geo-economic structures and dynamics, such as regional
inequalities and areas of dominance
• Lastly, maritime networks have also been considered as integral parts of
territories and wider chained systems, such as urban networks, regional
networks, and coupled networks
 WHAT ARE THE
MARITIME NETWORKS
USED FOR
COMMUNICATION
Maritime Radio Communication
• The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)
was implemented from 1992 ‐1999.GMDSS uses HF, MF, and
VHF terrestrial radio communications systems 100,000 large
commercial merchant ships and millions of other vessels use
the GMDSS New mandatory systems have developed over
the past 10 years;

• AIS Automatic Identification Systems, AIS uses VHF

frequencies
• LRIT Long Range Identification and Tracking is a ship
tracking and monitoring system
• SSAS Ship Security Alerting system, a mandatory commercial
ship anti ‐ piracy alerting facility
Terrestrial, Maritime Mobile Service
communications

• Traditionally terrestrial maritime communications have used HF, MF,

and VHF frequencies, for Morse ‐code telegraphy, then radio
telephony Radio telex was introduced in the late 1960s, then radio ‐
facsimile and NAVTEX, this work was supported by ITU
recommendations such as, (ITU-R M.1467). GMDSS introduced
Digital Selective Calling for automated watch ‐keeping and alerting
on HF, MF, and VHF frequencies, supported by. These new systems
led to a global revision of the maritime distress and safety system
between 1987 and 1992 and the implementation of the GMDSS,
which began between 1992 and 1999
E ‐ Navigation , Electronic Navigation

• This concept is based on the interconnection of ships and

shore facilities by communication links, including high
speed broad band data links, to ensure safe navigation
particularly in coastal and high traffic areas
• To provide the mariner on board the ship and the Coastal
state with high-speed data, to update information on
computerized bridge displays in real time
Mobile phone systems

• For decades coastal mariners, particularly fishermen and

pleasure users have been using mobile phone systems on
board vessels Shore service providers have specifically
located base stations in maritime ports and along the
coastline to take advantage of this lucrative business
model In many coastal areas mobile phone 2G and 3G
coverage extends out from 15 to 30 kilometers from shore
• These stations are used only for commercial calls
What Marine Communication Systems Are Used in the
Maritime Industry?

• Radio telecommunication at sea had undergone a sea change in the last century. After the
days of semaphores and flags (which is still relevant today in some cases), radio brought
about a drastic change in marine communication at sea. From the early years of the last
century, ships started fitting radio for communicating distress signals among themselves
and with the shore. Radio telegraphy using Morse code was used in the early part of the
twentieth century for marine communication.
What Marine Communication Systems Are Used in the
Maritime Industry?

• Survival radios are radios for communication which help ships and ships’ crew during
emergencies. A survival radio forms one of the most essential parts of the survival tools of
the marine industry. The emergency radio operation is approved internationally under the
Global Maritime Distress Safety System.
• An emergency radio is mainly used to send signals to international radio channels or
frequencies. The survival radio came into application in the marine industry after the
Titanic incident in 1912. From that time onwards, the technology of survival radios has
been constantly developing and improving.
• In the seventies, after considering the studies of the International Telecommunication Union, IMO brought about
a system where ship-to-ship or ship-to-shore communication was put into action with some degree of automation,
wherein a skilled radio officer keeping 24×7 watch was not required.

Marine communication between ships or on the shore was carried out with the help of on-board systems through
shore stations and even satellites. While ship-to-ship communication was brought about by VHF RADIO, Digital
Selective Calling (DSC) came up with DIGITALLY REMOTE-CONTROL commands to transmit or receive
distress alert, urgent or safety calls, or routine priority messages. DSC controllers can now be integrated with the
VHF radio as per the SOLAS (Safety OF LIFE AT SEA) CONVENTION.

Satellite services, as opposed to terrestrial communication systems, need the help of geo-stationary satellites for
transmitting and receiving signals, where the range of shore stations cannot reach. These marine communication
services are provided by INMARSAT (a commercial company) and COSPAS – SARSAT (a multi-national
government funded agency).

• While INMARSAT gives the scope of two-way communications, the Corpas SARSAT has a system that is limited
to reception of signals from emergency positions and places with no facilities of two-way marine
communications, indicating radio beacons (EPIRB).
• For international operational requirements, the Global Maritime Distress Safety System
(GMDSS) has divided the world into four sub areas. There are four geographical divisions
named A1, A2, A3 and A4. Different radio communication systems are required by the
vessel to be carried on board ships, depending on the area of operation of that vessel.
• A1 – It’s about 20- 30 nautical miles from the coast, which is under coverage of at least
one VHF coast radio station in which continuous DSC alerting is available.
• Equipment used: A VHF, a DSC and a NAVTEX receiver (a navigational telex for
receiving maritime and meteorological information.

• A2 – This area notionally should cover 400 nautical miles offshore but in practice it
extends up to 100 nautical miles offshore, but this should exclude A1 areas.
• Equipment used: A DSC, and radio telephone (MF radio range) plus the equipment
required for A1 areas.
• A3 – This is the area excluding the A1 & A2 areas. But the coverage is within 70 degrees
north and 70-degree south latitude and is within INMARSAT geostationary satellite range,
where continuous alerting is available.
• Equipment used: A high frequency radio and/ or INMARSAT, a system for receiving MSI
(Maritime Safety Information) plus the other remaining systems for A1 and A2 areas.
• A4 – These are the areas outside sea areas of A1, A2 and A3. These are essentially the
Polar Regions North and South of 70 degree of latitude.
• Equipment used: HF radio service plus those required for other areas.
All oceans are covered by HF marine communication services for which the IMO requires
two coast stations per ocean region. Today almost all ships are fitted with satellite terminals
for Ship Security Alerts System (SSAS) and for long range identification and tracking as per
SOLAS requirements.
On distress, Search and Rescue operations from Maritime Rescue Co-ordination centers are
carried out among other methods, with the help of most of these marine navigation tools.
Naturally, the sea has become a lot safer with these gadgets and other important things.
What is Ship Security Alert System ?

• The Ship Security Alert System is a safety measure for

strengthening ship’s security and subduing acts of piracy
and/or terrorism against shipping
• Widely Acknowledged as a part of the International Ship
and Port Facility Security Code(ISPS code) the Ship
Security Alert System(SSAS) complements the
International Maritime Organization ’s attempts to
increase maritime vessel security
Maritime Providing internet on ships is not the same
Internet thing as on land mostly because, well, you
are not on land
options: How is
Internet
Provided on It is the lifeblood of every relationship both
Ships? professional and personal, especially for the
distant ones, across the seas

Internet on ships has changed the lives of

seafarers working on board
How to Integrate Maritime Networking
and Communications

• Ships are complex network environments, with a variety

of internal and external connections for voice,
broadband Internet, asset tracking, entertainment, and
more
• Managing all these connections has become a challenge,
particularly given that typical networking equipment is
not designed for maritime service
Satellite connections

• The most common mode of providing internet on ships is through

satellite
• Providing a direct connection with the satellite services through
some hardware installations on the ship, easy access to internet
can be provided for all the on boarders
• Installation charges for the entire ship internet can be somewhere
around $600 along with additional charges for the hardware that
can range from $50 to $100
WHY THE NETWORK DEPENDS
ON THE FOLLOWING.

• As the SHIP SIZE increases, there is a need to install

more powerful engines and other machinery
• This increase in size or machinery and other equipment
demands more electrical power and thus it is required to
use higher voltages on board a ship
INTENDED INTERNET USAGE

• Providing a direct connection with the satellite services

through some hardware installations on the ship, easy
access to internet can be provided for all the on boarders
• The hardware installations are a must so that internet
signals can be tapped from anywhere
COST COMPONENT

• Even on cruise ships, there are specific zones that offer

internet connections for their passengers, allowing them
to access their email from any part of the world, literally
• Some ships also have marked Wi-Fi zones that offer
wireless internet usage for all
• However, cruise ship internet is nothing close to
connection you are used to through a DSL
Wireless Communications at Sea

• Most communications on modern ships are handled using mobile

connectivity equipment, and eventually through a satellite
• Such a connection provides the on-board staff and passengers
with the necessary VoIP and other online services they need
• Mobile maritime communications typically include a mix of WAN
technologies to connect ship positioning systems, cargo, and
passengers with the outside world
Wireless devices

• Some people also prefer to take their own wireless

devices for internet accessibility but that does not seem
to work too well
• These devices can access the internet only when they are
near to some ports where the network is easily available
• Many internet service providers offer data cards that can
be connected directly to the system
Dial ups

• Another source of providing internet on cruise ships is through the

simple dial up connection of cell phones
• While an internet ship is a necessity for most now, finding reliable
connection of internet on cruise ships is not that common
• However, challenges such as cybersecurity threats, the need for
international standards and regulations, and the integration of
emerging technologies must be addressed to ensure the continued
effectiveness and reliability of maritime network systems
MARITIME CYBER RISK

• Maritime cyber risk refers to a measure of the extent to which a

technology asset could be threatened by a potential circumstance or
event, which may result in shipping-related operational, safety or
security failures because of information or systems being corrupted,
lost or compromised
• An example of malicious, internal cyber risk would be systems
sabotage or data theft by a disgruntled employee An example of
unintended, internal risk would be an employee who failed to install
a security patch on out-of-date software or another who was duped by
a phishing email
WHAT IS CYBER RISK
MANAGEMENT

• Cyber risk management means the process of identifying,

analysing, assessing and communicating a cyber-related
risk and accepting, avoiding, transferring or mitigating it to
an acceptable level, considering costs and benefits of
actions taken to stakeholders
• The overall goal is to support safe and secure shipping,
which is operationally resilient to cyber risks
 Maritime Cyber Attacks
2017
• In June 2017, Danish shipping giant Maersk suffered one
of the most high-profile and damaging maritime
cybersecurity incidents to date
• The largest container ship and supply vessel operator with
offices across 130 countries and over 80,000 employees
went dark after being hit with Not Petya
• What was allegedly a state-sponsored Russian cyberattack
targeted at Ukrainian companies Not Petya spread beyond
the Ukrainian borders and caused an estimated $10 billion
in total damages worldwide
What is Maritime Cybersecurity?

• Maritime cybersecurity is the collection of tools,

policies, security concepts, security safeguards,
guidelines, risk management approaches, actions,
training, best practices, assurance, and technologies used
to protect maritime organizations, their vessels, and their
cyber environment
IMO GUIDANCE
CONCLUSION

• Safety and Navigation: These systems provide real-time data on

vessel positions, weather conditions, and potential hazards, helping
ships avoid collisions and navigate safely
• Communication: Maritime networks facilitate voice and data
communication between vessels, ports, and authorities, ensuring
smooth coordination and emergency response
• Operational Efficiency: They enable efficient cargo tracking,
logistics management, and route optimization, reducing fuel
consumption and operational costs
• Environmental Monitoring: Maritime networks support environmental
monitoring and compliance with regulations, helping reduce the
industry's ecological footprint
CONCLUSION

• Security: They play a role in enhancing maritime security by

tracking vessels and identifying suspicious activities
• Global Trade: Maritime network systems are vital for the global
economy, facilitating the transportation of goods and raw
materials across the world
• Technological Advancements: Advances in technology, such as
satellite communication and automation, continue to improve the
capabilities of maritime network systems
THANK YOU!!!