4-Coverage & Capacity Dimensioning

10/1/2010
Coverage & Capacity Dimensioning
www.legend-technologies.org
Coverage Dimensioning
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10/1/2010
• Coverage Dimensioning
– The sensitivity of the BTS and MS is defined as the minimum required received input
level inorder to decode the signal correctly.
– However, when planning a system it is not sufficient to use this sensitivity level as a
planning criterion.
– Various margins must be added to compensate for the degradation in the signal level
during its propagation in air.
– These margins will include:
• Rayleigh Fading Margin (Fast Fading Margin) RFmargin
• Interference Margin IFmargin
g
• Body Loss Margin BL
• Outdoor Log Normal Fading Margin LNFmarg(o)
• Outdoor+Indoor Log Normal Fading Margin LNFmarg(o+i)
• Car Penetration Loss CPL
• Mean Building Penetration Loss BPLmean
– Now the design level can be calculated as follows:

• SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o) (MS Outdoor)
• SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o) + CPL (MS in Car)
• SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o+i) + BPLmean (MS Indoor)
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– Rayleigh Fading Margin (Fast Fading Margin):

• Due to multipath reflection from the surrounding buildings some fading dips may
occur.
• Based on measurements a Rayleigh Fading Margin of 3dB is adequate i.e.
RFmargin = 3dB
– Interference Margin:
• Since the frequencies are reused, then the received carrier power must be large
enough inorder to compensate for the interference from surroundings.
• The interference margin depends on the frequency reuse, traffic load and the
desired percentage of area coverage. Based on measurements in normal system
an Interference Margin of 2dB is adequate i.e. IFmargin = 2dB
– Body Loss:
• Since the human’s body absorbs some of the energy, then a body loss margin is
usedd to
t compensate
t ffor thi
this power di
dissipation
i ti
• The recommended Body Loss by the GSM standards is:
BL = 5dB (800/900 MHz Band) , BL = 3dB (1800/1900 MHz Band)
– Car Penetration Loss:

• When the MS is situated in a car without an external antenna (which is the typical
case) an extra margin should be added to cope with the penetration loss of the car
body.
• The recommended Car Penetration Losses by the standard is: CPL = 6dB
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– Log Normal Fading (Slow Fading-Shadowing Effect):

• The signal strength fluctuates around a mean value while the MS is moving.
• This type of fading is due to the terrain structure and the obstacles like hills and
trees in the path between the BTS and MS.
– Log Normal Fading (Slow Fading):

• The log normal fading LNFmarg will differ based on the environment and the
coverage area.
• LNFmarg will be calculated from a graph relates environment (Standard
Deviation:σLNF ) with the coverage percentage needed.
These values were

obtained from field
measurements
• N.B: (σLNF marg(o+i) )2 = (σLNF marg(o)) 2 +(σLNF marg(i) ) 2
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– Log Normal Fading (Slow Fading):
• LNFmarg will be calculated from a graph relates environment (σLNF ) with the
coverage.
σLNF
Example:
For an Urban area Outdoor,
then σLNF =8 dB and with
98% coverage then we can
get from the graph
LNFmarg(o) = 8 dB
– Example: Get SSdesign for a MS-Outdoor in different clutters with different required
percentage of coverage.
Æ SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o) (MS Outdoor)

If SSmin is taken as the MSsensitivity, then SSmin = -104 dBm
Then SSdesign = -104 + 3 + 2 + 5 + LNFmarg(o) = -94 dBm + LNFmarg(o) (MS Outdoor)
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– Example: then we can calculate SSdesign for MS-Outdoor in different clutters as follows:
Æ SSdesign = -94 dBm + LNFmarg(o)
– Example: Get SSdesign for a MS-In Car in different clutters with different required
Æ SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + CPL+ LNFmarg(o) (MS in Car)

Then SSdesign = -104 + 3 + 2 + 5+ 6 + LNFmarg(o) = -88 dBm + LNFmarg(o) (MS in Car)
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– Example: Get SSdesign for a MS-Indoor in different clutters with different required
Æ SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i) (MS Indoor)

Æ Then SSdesign = -104+3+2+5+BPL+LNFmarg(o+i) = -94 dBm + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i)
– Example: then we can calculate SSdesign for MS-Indoor in different clutters as follows:
Æ Then SSdesign= -94 dBm + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i)
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10/1/2010
(A ) Link Budget Downlink:
– Now, we’re going to calculate the path loss in the DL taken into considerations the
losses due to the clutter type and needed percentage of coverage.
Pout BTS
PinMS = SSdesign
TMA
Poutt BTS : Output

P O t t power ffrom th
the B
Base St
Station
ti C Cabinet
bi t
Lf BTS : Losses in Feeders, Jumpers and connectors
Ga BTS : BTS antenna gain Gd BTS : BTS antenna diversity gain
Lp : Path Loss Pin MS : Input power at the MS Station
(A ) Link Budget Downlink:
Example: for Dense Urban clutter with required outdoor coverage= 98% (GSM900-
Band) SSmin = -102 dBm, Pout BTS = 46 dBm, 7/8’’ feeders are used, 1/2“ jumpers
are used, average antenna height is 30m, Buildings penetration losses = 25 dB,
directional antenna with Ga BTS = 17 dBi, what is the downlink path loss?
Pin MS = SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i)

Pin MS = SSdesign = -102 + 3 + 2 + 5 + 25 +15.3 = - 51.7 dBm
Æ Pout BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS - Lp pDL = Pin MS

LpDL = (Pout BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS) - Pin MS
Lf BTS = feeder losses + Jumper losses + connector losses = 2 + (0.5*2)+(0.1*4) = 3.4 dB
LpDL = 46 - 3.4 + 17 - ( - 51.7) ≈ 111 dB
LpDL = 111 dB
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10/1/2010
(B ) Link Budget Uplink:
For the same example, we’re going to calculate the path loss in the UL direction
Pin BTS PoutMS
Pout MS : Output power from the Mobile Station.

Station
Lf BTS : Losses in Feeders, Jumpers and connectors
Ga BTS : BTS antenna gain Gd BTS : BTS antenna diversity gain
Lp : Path Loss Pin BTS : Input power at the Base Station
(B ) Link Budget Uplink:
Given that: Pout MS = 33 dBm, PBTS min = -108 dBm, Gd BTS = 3.5 dB , and no TMA is
used, then we can calculate the Uplink path loss as below:
Pout MS - LpUL + Ga BTS + Gd BTS - Lf BTS = PinBTS
LpUL = Pout MS + Ga BTS + Gd BTS - Lf BTS - PinBTS

PinBTS = PBTS min + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i)
PinBTS = -108+3+2+5+25+15.3= - 57.7dBm

LpUL = 33 - 3.4 + 17 + 3.5 - (- 57.7) ≈ 107 dB
LpUL = 107 dB
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10/1/2010
Æ Since LpDL = 111 dB and LpUL = 107 dB, then we’ll be limited by the lower path loss which
is calculated for the UL path.
Æ Now the maximum allowed path loss is Lp is 107 dB and through which we are
going to calculate the cell range “d”
N.B:
d= Cell Range
Inter Site-distance =1.5d d
A ≈ 1.9
Area 1 9 d2
d
– Path Loss Lp
I. Free Space Model:
• Theoretical Model not commonly used,
used it assumed Line Of Sight (LOS) direct ray
between the Transmitter and Receiver.
• The Path Loss will be calculated as follows:
Lp = 32.44 + 20 log f (MHz) + 20 log d (Km), where f: frequency and d:cell range
II. Two Path Model:

• Assumes two paths: direct path and a ground reflected path.
• It suits the road sites.
sites
Lp = 20 log HBS + 20 log HMS +40 log d (Km) where d:cell range
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– Path Loss Lp
III. Multi Path Propagation Model:
• As stated before
before, the signal travelling in air will follow different paths due to reflections
from the surroundings where each individual path affects the signal causing
attenuation, delay and phase shift.
• The received signals is therefore a result of direct rays, reflected rays and shadowing
or any combination of these signals.
• Some empirical formulas based on field measurements were made to estimate the
path loss and relates it to the distance from
f the transmitter, the most common
formulas used:
¾ Hata Okumura Model
¾ Walfish Ikegami Model
– Path Loss Lp
III. Multi Path Propagation Model: (A) Hata Okumura Model
Æ Lp = A – 13.82 log HBS + (44.9-6.55 log HBS ) log d(km) – a (HMS )
Clutter Type Frequency Value of A
HBS = Base Station antenna height 800 146.2
900 146.8
HMS = Mobile Station antenna height Dense Urban and Urban Areas
1800 153.8
d= Cell Range in Km 1900 154.3
800 136.4
a(HMS)= 3.2(log 11.75HMS)2-4.97 900 136.9
Sub Urban Areas
1800 146.2
1900 146.9
800 127.1
900 127.5
Rural Areas
1800 134.1
1900 134.6
800 117.9
900 118.3
Open Areas
1800 124.3
1900 124.8
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– Path Loss Lp
III. Multi Path Propagation Model: (A) Hata Okumura Model
Æ In our previous example for Dense urban clutter ( GSM 900MHz- band), Lp=107dB
Æ Assuming HBS=30m and HMS=1.5m
Æ Lp = A - 13.82 log HBS + (44.9-6.55 log HBS ) log d(km) - a (HMS )
Lp = 146.8 - 13.82 log 30 + (44.9-6.55 log 30 ) log d(km) – [ 3.2(log 11.75*1.5)2-4.97]
Lp = 146.8 - 21 + 35.2 log d(km) + ( 0.001) = 107 dB
Then d ≈ 300 m, and Inter-Site ≈ 450m
– Path Loss Lp
III. Multi Path Propagation Model: (B) Walfish-Ikegami Model
Æ Lp = K +38 log d - 18 log (HBS -17)
Clutter Type Frequency Value of K
HBS = Base Station antenna height 800 142.4
Dense Urban, Urban and Sub 900 143.2
d= Cell Range in Km Urban Areas 1800 153.2
1900 154.1
Æ Concerning our previous example, in Urban clutter (GSM 900-Band), Lp=107 dB

Assuming HBS =30m, then
Lp = 143.2 + 38 log d - 18 log (30-17) = 143.2 + 38 log d - 20.1 = 107 dB
Then d ≈ 350 m and Inter-Site ≈ 500 m
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Power Balance
− Now in order to guarantee that there is a power balance between the DL and the UL paths,
we’ve to recalculate the BTS output power that will achieve this balance.
Æ Lp = (Pout BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS ) - Pin MS

Lp = Pout BTS - 3.4+17- (- 51.7 ) = Pout BTS + 65= 107 dB
Pout BTS = 42 dBm and this is the BTS o/p power for power balance.
DL Coverage
If the DL and UL coverage are not balanced as in figure,
then in the shaded area in between, the MSs will receive
a good DL signal but their UL signal won’t reach the BTS.
UL Coverage
Capacity Dimensioning
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10/1/2010
• Capacity Dimensioning
– The Capacity in cellular system depends on:

• The number of channels available.
• The
Th Grade
G d Of S Service
i (GOS) theth subscribers
b ib are encountering
t i iin th
the system
t
– Traffic theory attempts to obtain useful estimates, for example the number of channels
needed in a cell these estimates will depend on the selected system and the assumed
or real behavior of the subscribers.
– Traffic? Traffic refers to the usage of channels and is usually thought of as the
holding time per time unit.
– Traffic is measured in Erlangs (Er),

(Er) a traffic of 1 Er means that this channel was
busy for 1 complete hour.
Number of calls/hr X Average call holding time (Sec)
– Traffic (Er) =
3600
– How much traffic can one cell carry? This will depend on
• Number of traffic channels available.
• Amount of congestion which is the GOS
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– Erlang-B table is used to calculate how much traffic a cell can bear given certain no. of
Traffic Channels and certain GOS.
– The Erlang-B table was formed based on certain assumptions:

• Poisson distribution (random) traffic
• Blocked calls leave the call.
– Example: With a cell configured with 4 frequencies, then the number of available TCH
channels = 4*8 – 2 =30 TCHs, with GOS=2% then using Erlang-B we can calculate the
maximum traffic on this cell = 21.932
21 932 Er
– If the average traffic/user = 30 mEr (i.e. average call/user = 108 seconds= 1.8 minutes)
then at peak (busy) hour this cell can support 21.932/30m = 730 users
• Capacity Dimensioning Erlang B-Table
N.B: The numerical headings

indicate blocking probability %
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– Example: If we have input from the marketing team that in a certain city each
100meters we’ll have in the busy hour 150 users each will talk for 108 seconds = 1.8
minutes (i.e. each user generates 30mE), calculate the cell range if each cell will be
configured with 4 frequencies.
frequencies
– Solution:
• For each cell, no. of TCHs = 4*8 – 2 =30 TCHs, with GOS=2% then using Erlang-B
Table we can find that each cell can bear up to 21.932 Er
• But each user generates 30mE, then this cell can serve (21.9/30e-3) = 732 subscriber.
• According to the user’s distribution, then each 100 m we have 150 subscriber, then for
each cell the 732 subscriber will be distributed on 100*(732/150) = 487 meters.
d= 487m
4.5Er 4.5Er 4.5Er 4.5Er 4.5Er Distance (meters)

0 100 200 300 400 500
– Channel Utilization (Trunking Efficiency)
• One of the factors that should be taken into consideration in dimensioning, and it shows
how efficient the resources are utilized.
• It is calculated as ηT = 100
100* (Traffic (Er) / No
No. of channels )
• If we have an area generates a traffic of 20 Erlang, so under GOS=2% is it better to use
1 cell or to split the traffic between 2 cell each of which to carry 10 Er ?
• For 1 cell to carry 20 Erlang with GOS=2%, • For 2 cells each to carry 10 Erlang with GOS=2%,
then no. of TCHs needed = 28, then we then no. of TCHs needed/cell = 17 , then we should
should have at least 4 frequencies. have at least 3 frequencies.
• 3 freq/cell = 22 available TCHs/ cell
cell, ii.e.
e both cells
• 4 freq = 30 available TCHs will have now 44 available TCHs
• Now Trunking efficiency • Now Trunking efficiency
ηT = 100* (20/ 30) = 66.67% ηT = 100* (20/ 44) = 45.5 %
• It is apparent from the above that using 1 cell will be more efficient than splitting the
traffic between 2 cells.
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Æ SDCCH Dimensioning
– The load on the SDCCH channel is affected by:
• Mobility Management procedures, that is, Normal Location Updating, Periodic
R i t ti andd IMSI attach/detach.
Registration tt h/d t h
• Connection Management procedures, that is, Call set-up, SMSs.
– The Typical GOS of SDCCH channel will depend either combined or non-combined
modes are used:
• Non-Combined: GOS = 0.5% ( SDCCH/8)
• Combined: GOS = 1% ((SDCCH/4))
– Two models are used to estimate the SDCCH load
• BAS1 Model: Typical model for SDCCH load estimations in average network.
• ERA5 Model: More aggressive model may be used when the subscribers
behavior in the network is not known.
– The SDCCH load estimations, three types of cells are considered:

• Border Cell (BC): Cell lies on a location area border and will be subjected to
heavy location updating.
• Inner Cell (IC): Cell lies in the core of the location area and will never subjected
to location updating.
• Average Cell (AC): Cell having average no. of location updating.
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– The SDCCH load estimations based on the two models can be seen as below:
BAS1 Model
Event Average Cell
Average Cell Inner Cell
Inner Cell Border Cell
Border Cell
Location Updating 0.5 0 1.5 mE/subscriber
IMSI Attach/detach 0.4 0.4 0.4 mE/subscriber
Periodic Registration 0.2 0.2 0.2 mE/subscriber
Call set‐up 0.8 0.8 0.8 mE/subscriber
SMS 0.3 0.3 0.3 mE/subscriber
Total 2.2 1.7 3.2 mE/subscriber
20% Traffic Margin added 2.6 2 3.8 mE/subscriber
ERA5 Model
Event g
Average Cell Inner Cell Border Cell
Location Updating 1 0 3 mE/subscriber
IMSI Attach/detach 1.8 1.8 1.8 mE/subscriber
Periodic Registration 0.5 0.5 0.5 mE/subscriber
Call set‐up 0.9 0.9 0.9 mE/subscriber
SMS 1.7 1.7 1.7 mE/subscriber
Total 5.9 4.9 7.9 mE/subscriber
20% Traffic Margin added 7.1 5.9 9.5 mE/subscriber
Thank You
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10/1/2010

Coverage & Capacity Dimensioning

– Now the design level can be calculated as follows:

– Rayleigh Fading Margin (Fast Fading Margin):

– Car Penetration Loss:

– Log Normal Fading (Slow Fading-Shadowing Effect):

– Log Normal Fading (Slow Fading):

These values were

• N.B: (σLNF marg(o+i) )2 = (σLNF marg(o)) 2 +(σLNF marg(i) ) 2

Æ SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o) (MS Outdoor)

Æ SSdesign = -94 dBm + LNFmarg(o)

Æ SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + CPL+ LNFmarg(o) (MS in Car)

Æ SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i) (MS Indoor)

Æ Then SSdesign= -94 dBm + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i)

Poutt BTS : Output

Pin MS = SSdesign = SSmin + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i)

Æ Pout BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS - Lp pDL = Pin MS

Pin BTS PoutMS

Pout MS : Output power from the Mobile Station.

LpUL = Pout MS + Ga BTS + Gd BTS - Lf BTS - PinBTS

PinBTS = -108+3+2+5+25+15.3= - 57.7dBm

II. Two Path Model:

Æ Concerning our previous example, in Urban clutter (GSM 900-Band), Lp=107 dB

Æ Lp = (Pout BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS ) - Pin MS

– The Capacity in cellular system depends on:

– Traffic is measured in Erlangs (Er),

– The Erlang-B table was formed based on certain assumptions:

• Capacity Dimensioning Erlang B-Table

N.B: The numerical headings

4.5Er 4.5Er 4.5Er 4.5Er 4.5Er Distance (meters)

– The SDCCH load estimations, three types of cells are considered:

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