0 - GSM Revision

10/1/2010
GSM System Survey Revision
www.legend-technologies.org
• GSM stands for “ Global System for Mobile Communication”
• GSM
– Second Generation for Mobile System.
– Digital System.
– Efficient Use of the Spectrum.
– Speech privacy and security.
– Better resistance to interference (Introducing the frequency Hopping)
– Efficient use of the power battery (Introducing the power control)
– GSM Networks are called “PLMN: Public Land Mobile Networks” i.e. the Radio Sites
are located on land, not using satellites.
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10/1/2010
• GSM System can work in different bands as follows:
Frequency Band‐Down Link Frequency Band‐Up Link
GSM 800
GSM 800 869 Æ 894 MHz
869 Æ 894 MHz Æ 849 MHz
824 Æ
824 849 MHz
E‐GSM (Extended GSM) 925 Æ 935 MHz 880 Æ 890 MHz
P‐GSM 900 935 Æ 960 MHz 890 Æ 915 MHz
GSM 1800 (DCS) 1805 Æ 1880 MHz 1710 Æ 1785 MHz
GSM 1900 (PCS) 1930 Æ 1990 MHz 1850 Æ 1910 MHz
– DCS: Digital Cellular System PCS: Personal Communication Services.
• But what do we mean by frequency Band?

• What is the DL and UL?
• Why DL is higher than UL band?
• Frequency Band
– The range of frequencies which the operator is allowed to use for transmission and
reception.
• Down Link and Up link bands

– DL band is the range of frequencies used by the Base station when transmitting to the
MS while the UL band is the range of frequencies used by the Mobile station when
transmitting to the Base Station.
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• Why DL band is higher than the UL band?

– As freq then attenuation with air
– Since Power BaseStation > Power MobileStation then it is wise to configure the higher
f
frequencies
i that
th t will
ill be
b attenuated
tt t d fast
f t to t the
th side
id that
th t is
i using
i higher
hi h power (BTS).
(BTS)
• Access Techniques
Æ What do we mean by Multiple Access techniques?
These are the Techniques through which many MSs can access the shared media which is
the air interface.
i. FDMA ( Frequency Division Multiple Access)
− Each MS is assigned a dedicated frequency through which he can talk.
ii. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
− All MSs are using the same frequency but each of them will be utilizing it only
over a certain period of time called Time Slot (TS)
Æ In GSM System we’re using TDMA over FDMA where the frequency band is
divided into no. of frequencies each of which is shared among no. of MSs,
where each MS will be assigned a certain TS on certain frequency.
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10/1/2010
• For P-GSM (GSM 900)

– UL Band 890MHz Æ 915MHz, DL Band 935MHz Æ 960MHz
– Each Band is 25 MHz
– Guard Band between DL and UL is 20 MHz
– Duplex Distance = 45 MHz
– Carrier separation = 200 KHz
– No. of frequencies = 124
Downlink 935 – 960 MHz
Uplink 890 – 915 MHz
200 KHz
890.2 890.6 Uplink
1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
890 890.4 915 F (MHz)
935.2 935.6 Downlink

1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
935 935.4 960 F (MHz)
GSM 900 Frequency Allocation
• For the all GSM Bands
System P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM(DCS) 1800 GSM(PCS) 1900
Uplink (MS Æ BS) 890 – 915 MHz 880 – 915 MHz 1710 – 1785 MHz 1850 – 1910 MHz
Downlink(BSÆ MS) 935 – 960 MHz 925 - 960 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz
Wavelength ≅ 33 cm ≅ 33 cm ≅ 17 cm ≅ 16 cm
Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz
Duplex distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz
Carrier separation 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
No. of carriers 124 174 374 299
Channel rate 270.8 kbps 270.8 kbps 270.8 kbps 270.8 kbps
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• GSM Network Architecture
• Core Network (NSS: Network Switching System)
Æ MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

– Routing/Switching of calls between 2 end users within the GSM Network.
– Charging & Billing.
– Paging of MSs is originated from the MSC
– Access to PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
– Act as a Gateway for other networks.
– Controls no. of BSCs connected to it.
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10/1/2010
Æ HLR (Home Location Register)

– Centralized Network data base stores and manages all mobile subscriptions.
– Example: IMSI, MSISDN, MSRN, Services subscribed/restricted for that user.
IMSI MSISDN t
IMSI,MSISDN.ppt
Æ VLR (Visitor Location Register)
– It is co-located with the MSC.
– Stored in it a copy of the user’s profile on temporary basis.
Æ AUC (Authentication Center)
– Provides the HLR with the authentication parameters and ciphering Keys used by the
MSC/VLR to authenticate certain user.
user (Triplets: RAND,
RAND SRES,
SRES Kc) Authentication.ppt
Authentication ppt
Æ EIR (Equipment Identification Register)
– Used to authenticate the user equipment through the IMEI.
IMEI = International Mobile Equipment Identification
• BSS (Base Station System)

Æ BSC (Base Station Controller)
– It controls the air interface, it takes the decisions based on the reports came from the
MS and BTS.
– Channel Allocation.
– Controls the Handover Process.
– Dynamic Power Control.
– Frequency Hopping.
Æ BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

– It iis th
the H
Hardware
d equipment
i t needed
d d tto provide
id th
the radio
di coverage.
– Speech Coding/Channel Coding/Interleaving/Ciphering/Burst formatting/Modulation
all these are done within the BTS (RBS=Radio Base Station)
– Equipment: Cabinet, jumpers, feeders, combiners, antennas.
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10/1/2010
• MS (Mobile Station)
Æ Mobile Equipment
– Transmit the radio waves.
– Speech coding and decoding.
– Call control.
– Performance measurement of radio link.
Æ SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module)

– Stores user addresses (IMSI, MSISDN, TMSI).
– Stores
S authentication key Ki, authentication algorithm A3 and ciphering algorithm
A8&A5
– Stores the subscribed services.
• Over the Air Interface

– Frequency Band is divided into no. of frequencies.
– Each frequency is divided into 8 Time slots (TS)
– Each user will be assigned 1 TS.
– One time slot =156.25 bits
– 1 Bit duration=3.69 µsec
– Time slot duration =156.25x3.69 µsec= 0.577 msec
– 1 Frame = 8 TSs
– Frame duration=0.577x8= 4.616 msec
– Bit rate on the air interface is 270 Kbps,
Kbps but for each user it is 33.8
33 8 Kbps
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10/1/2010
• Physical Channels vs. Logical Channels
Æ Physical channel: Time slot is called the physical channel.

Æ Logical channel: It is the content that will be sent over the physical channel.
• Logical Channels
Logical Channels
Traffic Channels Control Channels
Half Rate Full Rate

Broadcast Common Dedicated
Frequency Correction Channel Paging Channel Fast Associated Control Channel
Synchronization Channel Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel
Broadcast Control Channel Random Access Channel Slow Associated Control Channel
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
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• Traffic Channels
Æ Full Rate Channels (FR)

– Carries user’s speech traffic or user data DL and UL.
– Each user is assigned 1 TS.
– Transmission rate is 13 Kbit/s.
Æ Half Rate Channels (HR)

– Carries user’s speech traffic or user data DL and UL.
– 2 users will share 1 TS (physical channel), each of them will be utilizing it each
frame.
– Transmission rate is 6.5 Kbit/s
• Control Channels
Æ These are used to carry signaling or synchronization data, they’re divided into
three types:
– Broadcast Channels (BCH)
– Common Control Channels (CCCH)
– Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
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10/1/2010
• BCH (Broad Cast Control Channels)

i. Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
– Pure signal is transmitted to help the MS to lock on the frequency of the BTS and
synchronize
h i to iits ffrequency. (DL channel)
h l)
ii. Synchronization Channel (SCH)

– Carries the TDMA frame number.
– BSIC (Base Station Identification Code) of the cell. (DL Channel)
iii
iii. BCCH (B
(Broadd Cast
C t Control
C t l Channel)
Ch l)
– LAI (Location Area Identity)
– Cell parameters (used power, Idle mode parameters,…..etc)
– List of BCCH carries of the neighbor cells i.e. “BA List” (DL Channel)
• CCCH (Common Control Channels)

i. Paging Channel (PCH)
– Used to inform the MS of an incoming call or sms, where the MS’s IMSI/TMSI will be
sent over iit. (DL channel)
h l)
ii. Random Access Channel (RACH)

– Used by the MS to ask for an SDCCH to respond to the request send on the paging
channel /initiate a call/location update/IMSI attach-detach. (UL Channel)
iii
iii. AGCH (Access Grant Channel)
– Used by the network to assign an SDCCH sub-channel for the MS. (DL channel)
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• DCCH (Dedicated Control Channels)

i. Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
– Used for signaling purposes: call setup, location update, IMSI attach-detach
– Used to send/receive SMSs in idle mode.
mode (DL/UL channel)
ii. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)

– Always allocated in conjunction with traffic channel/SDCCH channel to transmit
measurement reports.
– DL measurement reports will include commands from the network to the MS to adjust
its power level.
– Information about the Time Advance.
– UL measurement reports will include information about the MS own power, received
SS & Quality from serving cell and SS from neighbor cells.
– Used to send SMSs in active mode. (DL/UL channel)
• DCCH (Dedicated Channels)

iii. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
– Used to send necessary Handover information.
– Work in stealing Mode such that 1 TCH channel is replaced by FACCH to send the
HO information. (DL/UL channel)
iv. Cell Broad Cast Channel (CBCH)

– It is sent point to multi point i.e. from the cell to the mobiles attached to it, this channel
may carry information about the traffic, weather reports,…etc. (DL channel)
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10/1/2010
• Mapping of Logical Channels on the Physical channels

Æ Mapping on TS0/BCCH carrier (DL)
Æ 51 consecutive control frames = 1 Control multi frame

Where F:FCCH, S:SCH, B:BCCH, C:PCH/AGCH

Æ Mapping on TS0/BCCH carrier (UL)
Æ TS0 in UL is reserved for the RACH, for the MS to access the system.
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10/1/2010

Æ Mapping on TS1/BCCH carrier (DL)
Where D:SDCCH, A:SACCH

Æ Mapping on TS1/BCCH carrier (UL)
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10/1/2010

Æ Mapping on TS2/BCCH carrier (DL/UL) if it will be used by certain MS in active
mode
26 consecutive Traffic frames = 1 Traffic multi frame

• TDMA Multi Frames Structure

Æ Traffic Multi Frames
– Traffic Multi Frame = 26 consecutive traffic frames (4.61msec x 26 =120msec)
Æ Control Multi Frames
– Control Multi Frame = 51 consecutive Control frames (4.61msec x 51 =235msec)
• Super Frame
Æ 51 consecutive Traffic Multi Frames or 26 consecutive Control Multi Frames
– Super Frame = 6.12 seconds
• Hyper Frame
Æ 2048 consecutive super Frames
– Hyper Frame = 3 hours and 29 minutes nearly.
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10/1/2010
Thank You !
15

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10/1/2010

GSM System Survey Revision

• GSM stands for “ Global System for Mobile Communication”

• GSM System can work in different bands as follows:

– DCS: Digital Cellular System PCS: Personal Communication Services.

• But what do we mean by frequency Band?

• Down Link and Up link bands

• Why DL band is higher than the UL band?

• For P-GSM (GSM 900)

Uplink 890 – 915 MHz

935.2 935.6 Downlink

• For the all GSM Bands

System P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM(DCS) 1800 GSM(PCS) 1900

Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz

Duplex distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz

No. of carriers 124 174 374 299

• GSM Network Architecture

• Core Network (NSS: Network Switching System)

Æ MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

Æ HLR (Home Location Register)

• BSS (Base Station System)

Æ BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

Æ SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module)

• Over the Air Interface

• Physical Channels vs. Logical Channels

Æ Physical channel: Time slot is called the physical channel.

Traffic Channels Control Channels

Half Rate Full Rate

Frequency Correction Channel Paging Channel Fast Associated Control Channel

Synchronization Channel Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel

Æ Full Rate Channels (FR)

Æ Half Rate Channels (HR)

• BCH (Broad Cast Control Channels)

ii. Synchronization Channel (SCH)

• CCCH (Common Control Channels)

ii. Random Access Channel (RACH)

• DCCH (Dedicated Control Channels)

ii. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)

• DCCH (Dedicated Channels)

iv. Cell Broad Cast Channel (CBCH)

• Mapping of Logical Channels on the Physical channels

Æ 51 consecutive control frames = 1 Control multi frame

• Mapping of Logical Channels on the Physical channels

• Mapping of Logical Channels on the Physical channels

Where D:SDCCH, A:SACCH

• Mapping of Logical Channels on the Physical channels

• Mapping of Logical Channels on the Physical channels

26 consecutive Traffic frames = 1 Traffic multi frame

• TDMA Multi Frames Structure

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