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2G,3G,LTE & 5G
TECHNOLOGIES

By
P.J.Reginald M.Tech (P.hD)
Asst Prof ECE
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COMMUNICATIONS

➢ Transfer of information
➢ Simplex (Ex:Pager)
➢ Half duplex( Walkie talkie)
➢ Duplex(Cell phone)
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WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION

➢Wireless is defined as “having no wires”.

➢The term is used to describe communication where

there is no physical wired connection between sender
and receiver, rather the network is connected by radio or
microwaves.
Growth of cellular telephone subscribers throughout the world.
MARTIN COOPER
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CELLULAR NETWORK BASICS

➢ Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based

technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves
that antennas propagate.

➢ Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800

MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands.
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CELLULAR SYSTEM
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CELLULAR NETWORK BASIC ARCHITECTURE

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CELLULAR NETWORK
➢ Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles
at the assigned spectrum.
➢ The service area of each base station is called a cell.

➢ Each mobile terminal is typically served by the

‘closest’ base stations.
➢ Handoff when terminals move.
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OPERATIONAL CHANNELS
➢ Forward Voice Channel (FVC): This channel is
used for the voice transmission from the BS to
the MS.
➢ Reverse Voice Channel (RVC): This is used for
the voice transmission from the MS to the BS.
➢ Forward Control Channel (FCC): Control
channels are generally used for controlling the
activity of the call, i.e., they are used for setting
up calls and to divert the call to unused voice
channels
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THE MULTIPLE ACCESS PROBLEM

➢ The base stations need to serve many mobile

terminals at the same time (both downlink and
uplink)
➢ All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the
base station
➢ Interference among different senders and
receivers
➢ So we need multiple access scheme
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MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES

3 orthogonal Schemes:
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
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CELLULAR NETWORK GENERATIONS

1. It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms

of generations:
+ 1G: Analog cellular telephony.

+ 2G: Digital cellular telephony.

+ 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video

telephony).

+ 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia

telephony at faster data rates than 3G
(deployed in 2012–2015).
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FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

frequency

✕ Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the

duration of the call
✕ Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
interference
✕ Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band
and one uplink frequency band
✕ Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
✕ Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of
it
+ Cognitive radio
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile

terminals at different locations do no arrive
at the base station at the same time

• Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits during
each slot
– Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in turn
• Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network
– Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi
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CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

✕ Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions
✕ Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits
using the user specific code – Spreading
+ Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information
transmission rate
+ But all users use the same frequency band together

Orthogonal among users

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EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR NETWORKS

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
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1G TECHNOLOGY
➢ 1G refers to first generation of wireless telephone technology,
it is introduced in 1980’s.
➢ It’s speed was upto 2.4kbps.
➢ It uses analog signal.
➢ The frequency is typically 800 MHz band
➢ AMPS was the first 1G mobile systems in USA .
➢ NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) is European Technology
with 450 MHz and 900 Mhz.
➢ TACS(Total Access communication) is British version
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AMPS

➢ Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) is

an analog mobile cell phone system standard
developed by Bell Labs,

➢ It is officially introduced in the America on

October 13, 1983. AMPS phone was developed
by Motorola
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DRAWBACKS OF 1G
➢ Poor voice quality.

➢ Poor battery life.

➢ Large phone size.

➢ No security.

➢ Limited capacity.

➢ Poor handoff reliability.

➢ call drop.
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2G TECHNOLOGY
➢ 2G refers to second generation which is based on GSM and
launched in the year 1991.

➢ It uses digital signals.

➢ Data speed was upto 64kbps.

➢ It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and

multi media message(MMS).

➢ It provides better quality and capacity.

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GSM
➢ Global System for Mobile Communications.

➢ Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the

1980’s.

➢ The European system was called GSM and deployed in

the early 1990’s.
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GSM SERVICES
Voice, 3.1 kHz

Short Message Service (SMS)

+ 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl.
spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations
+ Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry
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GSM CHANNELS
Downlink
Channel
s
Uplink

➢ Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a

physical channel
➢ Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted
between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels:
➢ Traffic channel

➢ Control Channel
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GSM FREQUENCIES
➢ Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also available on
800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz ranges.

➢ Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies

➢ One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band, where
RF carriers are space every 200 MHz

UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES

1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ

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GSM ARCHITECTURE
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MOBILE STATION (MS)

➢ MS is the user’s handset and has two parts

➢ Mobile Equipment
➢ Radio equipment
➢ User interface
➢ Processing capability and memory required for
various tasks
➢ Call signalling
➢ Encryption
➢ SMS
➢ Equipment IMEI number
➢ Subscriber Identity Module
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SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE (SIM)

➢ A small smart card

➢ It is an integrated circuit chip that is intended to securely store

the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and
its related key
 d reference (mm) (mm) (mm)
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ISO/IEC
Full-size
1991 7810:2003, 85.60 53.98 0.76 3511.7
(1FF)
ID-1
ISO/IEC
Mini-SIM
1996 7810:2003, 25.00 15.00 0.76 285.0
(2FF)
ID-000

ETSI TS
Micro-SI 102 221
2003 15.00 12.00 0.76 136.8
M (3FF) V9.0.0,
Mini-UICC

ETSI TS
Nano-SIM
early 2012 102 221 12.30 8.80 0.67 72.5
(4FF)
V11.0.0
JEDEC De
sign Guide
4.8, SON-8
Embedded ETSI TS
-SIM 103 383 6.00 5.00 <1.00 <30.0
(eSIM) V12.0.0
GSMA
SGP.22
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BASE STATION SUB SYSTEM

• Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
– Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the backbone
network and the 13 kbps coding used for the Mobile Station (MS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
– Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the BTSes
– Manages the handovers within BSS area
– Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the MSC/VLR
about this
• Base Transceiver System (BTS)
– Controls several transmitters
– Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a specific
frequency
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GSM ADVANTAGES

➢ The availability of Subscriber Identity

Modules allows users to switch networks and
handsets .

➢ GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so

international roaming is not a problem

➢ Less signal deterioration inside buildings

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DRAWBACKS OF 2G
➢ It requires digital signals for communication. If there is no
network coverage then digital signals would weak.

➢ These systems are unable to handle complex data such as

videos.
➢ Reduced range

➢ Interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio

amplifiers.
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2.5 TECHNOLOGY
➢ 2.5G is a technology that emerges between 2G and 3G.
➢ It is also described as 2G cellular technology combined with
GPRS.
➢ Some of the features are

▪ Voice & Data

▪ Send/Receive e-mail messages
▪ web browsing
▪ camera phones
▪ speed: 64-144 kb/sec
▪ Time to download a 3 min MP3 song: 6-9 min
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THE EVOLUTION GENERATION (2.5G)

➢ Several platforms are leading the 2.5G effort; they are

as follows:
1. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)/High Speed Circuit
Switched Data (HSCSD)
2. Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)
3 .Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA2000) (phase 1)
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GPRS
➢ General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

➢ GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to

114 kbps.

➢ Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data.

➢ GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia

Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio,
video messages to each other.

➢ Performance degrades as number of users increase.

➢ GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G.

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3G TECHNOLOGY
➢ Services include
wide-area wireless voice telephony,
Video-calls and broadband wireless data
high speed data transfer
Multimedia applications

➢ UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication

service) is 3G system with data rates higher then
2Mbps
.
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3G OVERVIEW
➢ 3G is created by ITU-T and is called
IMT-2000
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Features includes
❖ Phone calls
❖ Global roaming
❖ Send/receive large email messages
❖ High speed web
❖ Navigation / maps
❖ Video conferencing
❖ TV streaming
❖ Electronic agenda meeting reminder
❖ Speed: 200 kb/sec-2mb/sec
❖ Time to download a 3 min MP3 song:
11 sec-1.5 min
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MUSIC ON YOUR MOBILE!!

▪ Music Live streaming

▪ Video Live streaming.

▪ access to downloadable music,with

▪ no cables or PC.
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Taking games to the next level

❑ 3G technology has taken the gaming to the next level.

❑ Real-time multiplayer gaming is possible in 3G system.

❑ Innovative new services are being added by developer daily.

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EXTENDING TV TO MOBILES
▪ Not simply rebroadcast of TV or website
▪ Enhanced existing service for mobile environment.
▪ Multi-faceted – 24*7 access to multiple
live streams , video , image & text
▪ Fully integrated in browser – one click access.

Video-Conferencing
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ADVANTAGES OF 3G
▪ New radio spectrum to relieve overcrowding in existing
systems.
▪ More bandwidth , security & reliability.
▪ Inter-portability between services providers.
▪ High data rates compared to previous generations
▪ Rich multimedia services.
▪ Speech Quality like Wired Services.
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DISADVANTAGES OF
3G
▪ New Infrastructure is needed for 3G
▪ 3G phones are Expensive .
▪ Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for the new 3G
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EVOLUTION FROM 2G

IS-136
2G IS-95 GSM- & PDC

IS-95 GPRS
2.5G B HSCS
EDGE
D

Cdma2000-1 W-CD
xRTT
Cdma2000-1xE MA
3G EDGE
V,DV,DO
Cdma2000-3 TD-SC
xRTT DMA
3GPP2 3GPP
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3.5G (HSPA)
➢High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two
mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA
protocols.

➢3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS
technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the
features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:
➢ - Adaptive Modulation and Coding
➢ - Fast Scheduling
➢ - Backward compatibility with 3G
➢ - Enhanced Air Interface
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4G (LTE)
➢ LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. LTE was first proposed
by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004

➢ Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps but targeted 1Gbps

➢ Based on UMTS 3G technology.

➢ Optimized for All-IP traffic. Unlike 3G, which is based on two

parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet
switched network nodes, 4G is based on packet switching only.
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4G
➢ Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for
downlink.

➢ Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)

for uplink.

➢ Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput

➢ Reduced power consumption.

➢ Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by

handsets).

➢ Faster and more reliable

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ADVANTAGES OF LTE
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COMPARISON OF LTE SPEED

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WHAT IS 5G???
➢ 5G is a packet switched
wireless system with wide
area coverage and high
throughput.

➢ 5G wireless uses OFDM and

millimeter wireless that
enables data rate of 20 mbps
and frequency band of 2-8
GHz.

➢ 5G is going to be a packed
based network.

www.ppttopics.co
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OBJETIVES OF 5G:
▪ 5G being developed to accommodate QoS rate
requirements set by further development of existing 4G
applications.

▪ Flexible channel bandwidth between 5 and 20MHz,

optionally up to 40MHz.

▪ Data rate of at list 1Gb/s between any two points in the

world.

▪ Increase system spectral efficiency of up to

3bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25bit/s/Hz/cell for
indoor usage.

www.ppttopics.co
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STANDARD WIRELESS 5G:

➢ WiMAX formed to provide conformance and
interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard. It aims to
provide wireless data over long distance from
point-to-point link to cellular mobile type access.

➢ WiBRO a part of IEEE 802.16e in process to provide

collaborative and generic mobile WiMAX.

➢ 3GPP LTE a project aims to improve the mobile

phone standard to cope with future requirements.

➢ 5GPP 2 UMB a project to improve the CDMA2000

mobile phone standard for next generation applications.

www.ppttopics.co
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Thank you