2-Sites and HW Equipments

10/1/2010
RF Sites and Hardware Equipment
www.legend-technologies.org
• Site Types and Hardware Equipment
– We have many types for RF sites having different structures and design.
– The choice of the RF site used will be during the validation phase, where the planner
will be responsible of choosing the proper site type and structure based on his target for
coverage.
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Site Types
Micro Site Macro Site
Indoor Street Level
Roof Top COW Green Field
Stub tower Poles Tower Monopole
Macro Sites
– Macro Sites are those which utilize cabinets that generates high power (~46dBm = 40W)
and used to provide outdoor and indoor coverage over relatively medium and large
distances in cities and on roads.
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Macro Sites
Æ Roof Top Sites: The antennas are placed on the roof of the buildings, used in urban
and dense urban clutters ex: Inside the cities.
Stub Tower Poles

Macro Sites
Æ COW Sites: COW stands for a “ Cell On Wheel”, these are temporary sites used in
events to maximize the capacity ex: exhibitions/Stadiums.
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Macro Sites
Æ Green Field Sites: These sites are standalone sites used mainly on roads and high
ways to provide coverage for long distances.
Green Field Tower Monopole Palm Trees

Micro Sites
– Micro Sites are those which utilize cabinets that generate low power (~ 33 dBm = 2W)
usedd in
i outdoor
td streets
t t ffor capacity
it issues
i in
i the
th hot
h t spott areas ((ex: Abd
Abdell Aziz
A i St.)
St ) andd
used in Indoor buildings for both coverage and capacity issues (Malls, Hotels)
Street Level-Micro Outdoor Micro Indoor
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Hardware Equipments
– The Hardware Equipments of the RF sites are those used to provide the radio
coverage over the air interface and can be seen as below:
• BTS Cabinet ( Including DTRUs, Duplexers and Combiners)

• Feeders, Jumpers and Connectors
• Diplexers (In some cases)
• TMA
• BTS Antenna
• Repeaters

Hardware Equipments
Cabinet
Æ BTS (Cabinet) “Outdoor Cabinet”
Typical Macro Outdoor Cabinet
Frequency Band P‐GSM 900, E‐GSM 900, GSM 1800
Tx 935‐960MHz, 925‐960MHz, 1805‐1880MHz
Rx 890‐915MHz, 880‐915MHz, 1710‐1785MHz
Number of Transceivers 12 H
Dimension (WxDxH) 650x888x1380 mm
Weight 270 Kg
Output Power 900MHz: 42.5/46 dBm
Combined,UnCombined) 1800MHz: 42.0/45.5 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity −110.5 dBm
W D
– This type of cabinets is used with Macro sites, it has built-in air conditions, it doesn’t
need shelters and able to resist the different environmental conditions.
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Hardware Equipments
Æ BTS (Cabinet) “Indoor Cabinet”

Cabinet
Typical Macro Indoor Cabinet
i lM I d C bi
Tx 935‐960MHz, 925‐960MHz, 1805‐1880MHz
Rx 890‐915MHz, 880‐915MHz, 1710‐1785MHz
Number of Transceivers 12
Weight 150 Kg
Output Power 900MHz: 42.5/46 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity −110 .5dBm
Shelter
− This type of cabinets is used with Macro sites,

external air conditions should be used,
it needs a shelter to prevent the equipment from
the different environmental conditions (rain, heat,…)

Hardware Equipments
Æ BTS (Cabinet)
Typical Micro Cabinet
i l Mi C bi
Tx 935‐960MHz, 925‐960MHz, 1805‐1880MHz
Rx 890‐915MHz, 880‐915MHz, 1710‐1785MHz
Number of Transceivers 4
Weight 41 Kg
Output Power 900MHz: 34/32 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity −109 dBm
− This type of cabinets is used with Micro sites.
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Duplexer
− Duplexers are devices make us able to transmit and receive on the same cable.
cable
− External Duplexers have typical losses = 0.5 dBs
− DTRUs have internal Duplexers that have nearly zero losses.

Hardware Equipments
Æ DTRU (Dual Transceiver Unit)

− It is the hardware unit on which the frequencies are configured.
configured
TX1 TX1/RX1
Duplexer TX1/RX1
RX1
RXD1
Hybrid Combined Un Combined
Combiner Mode
Mode
RXD2
TX2
Duplexer TX2/RX2
RX2 TX2/RX2
− If the internal combiner is used then this will result in 3.5 dB losses in the output signal.
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Combiner
− The internal combiner in the DTRU is used to combine two signals from the same band
to be transmitted on the same cable.
− The combiner is a broadband one that doesn’t need tuning.
− The combining stage will result in 3.5 dB loss in the output signal.
− If we need to make expansion & 1 antenna will be used ( connect 2 DTRUs = 4
frequencies to be connected to the same antenna) then the combiner should be used.
TX1 Duplexer
RX1 TX1/RX1
RXD1 Hybrid
Combiner
RXD2 DTRU1
TX2 Duplexer
RX2 TX2/RX2
TX3 Duplexer
RX3 TX1/RX1
RXD1 Hybrid
Hybrid
RXD2
Combiner
Combiner
DTRU2
TX4 Duplexer
RX4 TX2/RX2

Hardware Equipments
Æ Feeders, Jumpers and Connectors
− Feeders, jumpers and connectors are responsible
to carry the electrical signal from the BTS to the antenna.
jumper Feeder
jumper
BTS
− Jumpers are flexible and used as a connection between Feeder-BTS

and Feeder-Antenna (Jumpers are ½” feeders)
− Typically,
yp y, Jumper p losses=0.5dB while connector losses=0.1dB
− Feeder losses will differ based on the feeder’s diameter as below:
Feeder Type 800/900 (dB/100m) 1800/1900 (dB/100m)
LCF 1/2" 7.0/7.2 10.5
LCF 7/8" 4 6.5
LCF 1‐1/4" 3.3 5.3
LCF 1‐5/8" 2.6 4.2
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Diplexers
− Diplexers are used to mix two signals from different bands.
− Typically, Diplexer losses=0.3dB
− Typically with 4 port antennas, the output from the 1800-DTRU is mixed with the
output from the 3G cabinet via the diplexers.
2G Cabinet
DTRU-900
DTRU-1800
Diplexer
3G Cabinet

Hardware Equipments
Æ TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier)
− The TMA is installed direct after the BTS antenna.

antenna
− It is used to enhance the uplink signal received by the antenna before being
deteriorated through the feeders.
− The use of TMAs is important due to the fact that the output signal from the MSs are
transmitting in the uplink with low power.
− With TMAs the received signal will be amplified so even when it is attenuated through
the cables it will reach the BTS with acceptable level.
− In the downlink, the TMA will add 0.3 dB losses, while in the uplink it will add gain
nearly = 2Æ4 dB.
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− It is the device used to convert the electrical signal from the cables to an
electromagnetic radiations propagating on the air interface.
− Isotropic Antenna: Is a theoretical/reference model for an antenna propagating
equally in all directions.
− Omni Antennas: Propagates equally in one plan.
− Directive Antennas: Propagates in certain direction.
Isotropic Antenna Omni Antenna Directive Antenna

Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Antenna Gain:
• Since Antennas are passive elements, then the only way to have gain in any
direction is to increase the directivity by concentrating the radiations in the
desired direction.
• Now the Antenna gain can be defined as the ratio between the power of the max
direction of the antenna to the power obtained by an isotropic antenna in the
same direction.
• Gain
G i ffor T
Typical
i l di
directive
ti antennas
t = 18 dBi andd ffor O
Omnii antennas
t = 11 dBi
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Beam Width:
• Defined as double the angel between the max direction to the direction where
the power is reduced to the half in the max direction.
Direction of the
max power
Horizontal Beam 3dB

width =65

Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Beam Width:
• The standard antenna has a horizontal beam width of 65deg, this means that the
gain at 32.5deg is 3 dB less than the maximum gain ( i.e. half the power)
• Typically the vertical beam width is 7 degrees.
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Tilting:
• Normally when the antenna is correctly mounted, then the vertical beam of the antenna is
pointing towards the horizon.
• Lowering the beam below the horizon is known as “Downtilt”, and when the beam is
directed above the horizon then it is called “Uptilt”

Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Tilting:
• According to how the tilt is implemented; we have two types: Mechanical tilting and
Electrical tilting.
• Mechanical tilting: the physical body of the antenna is tilted, which cause tilting in the
main beam.
• Electrical titling: we change the phase of the current fed the internal dipoles which will
result in tilting the main beam.
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Tilting:
• With mechanical downtilting the main beam will be downtilted which is useful but
this will result in uptilting the back lobe which may interfere on another cells.
• With antennas support mechanical tilting only, we won’t be able to have different
tilting for different bands if needed.

Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Diversity:
• Defined as the redundancy in receiving or transmitting the signal.
• The purpose is to overcome the attenuation and fading that may encounter the
signal while propagating in air.
• Typically the antenna diversity results in a 3.5 dB gain.
• We have two types of diversity: Polarization Diversity and Space Diversity.
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Polarization Diversity:
• The polarization is the direction of oscillation of the electric field with respect to
ground.
• Vertically polarized antennas: Transmit electromagnetic waves where the

electric field component oscillate in direction perpendicular to the ground.
• Horizontal polarized antennas: Transmit electromagnetic waves where the

electric field component oscillate in direction parallel to the ground.

Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna Polarization :
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Diversity:
• With Polarization diversity, the antenna will be manufactured with internal arrays have
dual polarizations, either Horizontal&Vertical or +45/-45
Dual Polarized
Antenna

Hardware Equipments
Æ Antenna
− Space Diversity:
• With Space diversity we’ll use 2 antennas that should have separation = 12-18λ
(λ=0.33m for GSM900 and λ=0.17m for GSM1800) inorder to obtain the desired gain.
1 2 SS 1 2
Space
Diversity
Time
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Hardware Equipments
Æ Repeaters
− A repeater can cover areas that otherwise would have been blocked by obstacles.
− Fields of application are roads in hilly terrain, tunnels or other obstructed low capacity areas.
− The signal is typically amplified by 50-80 dB.
Road

Hardware Equipments
Æ Repeaters
− Repeaters can also been used for indoor applications, like offices and undergrounds.
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Thank You
17

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10/1/2010

RF Sites and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

Micro Site Macro Site

Indoor Street Level

Roof Top COW Green Field

Stub tower Poles Tower Monopole

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

Stub Tower Poles

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

Green Field Tower Monopole Palm Trees

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

Street Level-Micro Outdoor Micro Indoor

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• BTS Cabinet ( Including DTRUs, Duplexers and Combiners)

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

Æ BTS (Cabinet) “Indoor Cabinet”

− This type of cabinets is used with Macro sites,

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

− This type of cabinets is used with Micro sites.

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

Æ DTRU (Dual Transceiver Unit)

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

− Jumpers are flexible and used as a connection between Feeder-BTS

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

− The TMA is installed direct after the BTS antenna.

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

Isotropic Antenna Omni Antenna Directive Antenna

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

Horizontal Beam 3dB

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Vertically polarized antennas: Transmit electromagnetic waves where the

• Horizontal polarized antennas: Transmit electromagnetic waves where the

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

• Site Types and Hardware Equipment

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