Coverage Planning Principles

Objectives
 Coverage Planning Basics
 Link Balance and Budget
 Propagation model principle
Radio Propagation Environment
Environments affecting the
propagation of Radio Signals
Multi-path propagation
Shadowing
Terrain
Building
Reflection
Interference
Reflections
 Reflection cont’d
Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission
delay.
 No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer
window .
 Cause self-interference if the delay falls out
of the equalizer window
Fading
Fading cont’d
Objectives of Propagation Model
 Propagation Model
 Through surveying radio propagation environments, you can
get familiar with the overall landforms, estimate the rough
antenna height, and select the proper radio propagation
model, among which the radio propagation model helps you
estimate the number of base station when predicting the
coverage. If necessary, you must adjust the propagation
model.
 Moreover, indoor propagation model differs from the out
door propagation model.
Types of Propagation Model
Okumura-Hata Propagation Model
Cost231-Hata Propagation Model
Land Types During Planning
Link Balance And Budget
 Cell Coverage Range
For different frequency band, the coverage area will
be different. Normally some other conditions also
will influence the coverage.
Min.Receving Level Formula
 Interference Margin

Interference Margin: sometimes also named

noise correction, which is protection margin
for interference.
Normally interference margin is 2dB.
 Fast Fading Margin
In the link budget calculation, fast fading
margin is should be considered.
Density Rural Road
Urban Town Area Sea
Urban

Fast
Fading 1 1 1 1 1 0
(dB)
 Penetration Loss
Signal loss for penetration varies between
different building materials. See the below
example.
Material Mean
Reinforced concrete walls, windows 17 dB
concrete walls, no windows 30 dB

concrete walls, with building 10dB

Brick wall 9dB

Armed glass 8dB
Wood or plaster wall 6dB
Window glass 2dB
Min.Receive Level Example
Questions for Min.Receive Level
Link Budget Model
Parameters Related
Antenna Feeder System
Coverage Probability
 Coverage probability cont’d
Sometimes during the planning , coverage probability
also has to be considered .And for high coverage
probability , has shadow fading margin
reserved.Normaly there are two types of coverage
probabilities :area coverage probability and edge
coverage probability.
According to the standard deviation of the shadow
fading & the requirements for border coverage
probability (determined by the operator ), we can
calculate edge coverage probability by formula .
Area coverage probability & Edge coverage probability
Margin
Margin cont’d
Area Coverage Probability to Expected Shadow Fading
Margin
 Balance Function

Pbts _Sms=Pms +Gdiversity-Sbts

Why is not related to loss cable?
Question 1
Question 2
Distance and Coverage Area
 Coverage Radius and Amount od BTS
According to the max allowed path loss, BTS
antenna height & propagation model, can
calculate the cell coverage radius .
Depending on the cell coverage radius, we can
get the cell coverage area & BTS number.
Question 3
 Capacity Planning
Contents
Traffic prediction
TCH Capacity planning
SDCCH Capacity Planning.
Traffic and Erlang
Traffic Prediction
TCH Traffic Model Example
Traffic Prediction cont’d
Considerations
TCH Capacity planning
TCH Capacity Planning cot’d
Basic flow By Frequency Reuse
By Frequency Reuse cont’d
By Frequency Reuse cont’d
By Frequency Reuse cont’d
Erlang B table
By Frequency Reuse
Basic Flow By Maximum Coverage
By Maximum Coverage
Calculate the Coverage
Erlang B Table
Practice 1
Practice 2
SDCCH Capacity Planning.

SDCCH Traffic Sources

SDDCH Traffic Model cont’d
SDCCH Traffic Model
Other Considerations
TCH to SDCCH Conversion
 GSM Frequency Planning

Contents
Frequency Planning
Normal Frequency Reuse Technology
Tight Frequency Technology
 Frequency Planning Basic
Contents
Frequency Resource of GSM System
Concept of Frequency Reuse
Reuse density
C/I ratio
Frequency Resource of GSM System
Frequency Resource of GSM System
cont’d
Concepts of Frequency Reuse
Reuse Density
Question 1
Reuse Density
4x3 Frequency Reuse
Requirement for C/I Ratio
Requirement for C/I Ratio cot’d
Exercise
Normal Frequency Reuse Technology
4x3 Frequency Reuse Conclusion
Tight Frequency Reuse
Example of 1x3 Frequency Reuse
Example of 1x3 Frequency Reuse cot’d
TCH Consecutive Allocation Scheme
TCH Interval Allocation Scheme
The characteristics of the 1x3
Example of 1X1 Frequency Reuse
4X3,1X3,1X1 Reuse Pattern
 GSM Frequency Hopping Algorithm
And Parameters

Contents
Hopping Overview
Hopping Classification
Hopping Parameters
Definition of Frequency Hopping
Advantages of Hopping
Frequency Diversity Hopping
Interference Diversity of Hopping
Hopping Classification
Base Band Hopping Principle
Base Band Hopping Principle cot’d
Base Band Hopping Principle cot’d
RF Hopping Principle
RF Hopping Principle con’d
 Hopping Parameters
Hopping Mode
 All parameters which are related to hopping are
configured in cell attributes/Frequency Hopping .
 Hopping Mode: the mode used by the BTS system
o No Hopping
o Base Band Hopping
o RF hopping
Hopping Parameters
Hopping Parameters con’d
Example of MAIO
Thank You