THORACIC AND

CHEST WALL
 THORAX
 Consist of the:
 Thoracic vertebrae ( 12)
 Ribs (12)
 Sternum
 Forms a protection for the heart, lungs and viscera.
 THORAX
 Role in ventilation
 The process of ventilation depends on:
1. The mobility of the bony rib thorax
2. Ability of the muscles of ventilation to move it.

 Musculoskeletal abnormalities for example, scoliosis limits range of motion of

the chest cage and the spine and therefore, decrease ventilation abilities.
 RIB CAGE
 The rib cage is a closed chain that involves many joints and muscles.

 Borders:
 Anterior border: of the rib cage is the sternum.
 Lateral borders: are the ribs.
 Posterior border: is formed by the thoracic vertebrae.
 RIB CAGE

 The superior border formed by the:

 Jugular notch of the sternum,
 Superior borders of the 1 costocartilages,
 1 ribs and their contiguous 1 thoracic vertebra.

 The inferior border formed by:

 The xiphoid process,
 The shared costocartilage of ribs 6 through 10,
 The inferior portions of the 11th and 12th ribs,
 The 12th thoracic vertebra.
 RIB
 Curved flat bones
 Gradually increase in length from rib 1 to rib 7
 Decrease in length from rib 8 to rib 12.
 Head of each rib articulates with thoracic vertebral bodies.
 RIB CAGE
 True ribs ( vertebrosternal):
 1st – 7th ribs
 Each rib, through its costocartilage attaches directly to the sternum.
 False ribs( vertebrochondral):
 8th - 10th ribs.
 Costocartilage of the 8th through 10th ribs articulates with the costocartilages
of the superior rib.
 indirectly articulating with the sternum through rib 7.
Floating ribs ( 11th and 12th ):
No anterior attachment to the sternum.
 RIBS
 Typical ribs:
 3-9 and 10 are typical ribs which have same features.
 RIBS

 Atypical ribs:
 The 1st, 10th 11th and 12th ribs are atypical
ribs
 Because they articulate with only one
vertebral body.
 STERNUM
 The sternum is an osseous protective plate for the heart and is composed of:
 Manubrium
 Body
 Xiphoid process
 ARTICULATIONS OF RIB CAGE

 Manubriosternal (MS)
 Xiphisternal (XS)
 Costovertebral (CV)
 Costotransverse (CT)
 Costochondral (CC)
 Chondrosternal (CS)
 Interchondral (IC)
 MANUBRIOSTERNAL JOINT

 The manubrium and the body of the sternum articulate at the MS joint.
 Also known as the sternal angle or the angle of Louis.
 XIPHISTERNAL JOINT

 Xiphoid process joins the inferior aspect of the sternal body at the XS joint.
 Also called as synchonrdosis and ossify by 40-50 year of age
 COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT
 Synovial joint Formed by the:
 head of the rib
 two adjacent vertebral bodies
 interposed intervertebral disk.
 Ribs 2 to 9 have typical CV joints, as the heads of these ribs each have two
articular facets, or demifacets.
 COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT
 The CT joint is a synovial joint.
 Formed by the articulation of the costal tubercle of the rib with a costal facet on
the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra.
 There are 10 pairs of CT joints articulating vertebrae T1 through T10 with the
rib of the same number
 COSTOCHONDRAL
 The CC joints are formed by the articulation of the 1 st through 10th ribs
anterolaterally with the costal cartilages.
 The CC joints are synchondroses.
 CHONDROSTERNAL JOINT
 The CS joints are formed by the articulation of the costal cartilages of ribs 1 to 7
anteriorly with the sternum.
 Rib 1 attaches to the lateral facet of the manubrium.
 Rib 2 is attached via two demifacets at the manubriosternal junction.
 Ribs 3 through 7 articulate with the lateral facets of the sternal body.
 INTERCHONDRAL JOINT
 The interchondral joints are synovial joints.
 The interchondral articulations tend to become fibrous and fuse with age.
 KINEMATICS OF RIB
 The movement of the rib cage is governed by:
1. the types and angles of the articulations
2. the movement of the manubriosternum
3. the contribution of the elasticity of the costal cartilages.

 Costovertebral and costotrasverse joint are mechanically linked with

single axis of motion for elevation and depression through centre of both
joints
THANKYOU