Pertemuan IV

Auxiliaries
Modul 6
Waktu 120 menit
 Tujuan Instruksional Khusus

• Mahasiswa diharapkan dapat:

• mengetahui definisi Auxiliary Verbs;
• mengetahui kegunaan Auxiliary Verbs;
• menggunakan Auxiliary Verbs dalam kalimat.
 Index
• Objectives
• Introduction
• What do modals do?
• Types of modals
• Try Your Luck!
• Practice Exercises
 Objectives
• This module is designed to instruct students in
the use of English modal auxiliary verbs through
the use of instruction, examples, and exercises.
By the end of the module, students should be
able to identify the nine different types of
modals and their functions in a particular
sentence.
 Introduction
• English makes great use of helping verbs, which
modify the main verb of a sentence in different
ways. One of the most numerous types of
auxiliaries is the modal, which has nine different
types. They modify the main verb by indicating
modality, or manner.
 What does a modal do?
Modals always precede the main verb and have
several functions that often overlap. They
indicate modality, or, how something is done.
There are nine main types of modals: can,
could, shall, should, will, would, may, must, &
might.
 Types of Modals
- Can: indicates physical ability in the present tense.EX:
I can hold my breath for 2 minutes.
• It can also indicate permission, in informal situations.
EX: Can I go with you?

• - Could: Is sometimes referred to as the past tense of

can. It can indicate past ability...
EX: I could lift 300 lbs. when I was younger.
• …or it can show possibility.
EX: It could rain tomorrow.
• - Shall: can show intention. It can also indicate
willingness.
EX: We shall win the war! EX: Shall I
accompany you to dinner?

• Should: indicates logical necessity. This is a

logical conclusion reached through common
sense. It is not, however, an obligation.
EX: You should sleep eight hours a night.
• Will: Can show willingness, much like shall. It
can indicate intention as well.
EX: Will you help me study for the test EX: I
will be number one!

• Would: Also shows willingness.

EX: Would you excuse me?
• May: Refers to permission in a formal setting, as
well as possibility.
EX: May I help you? EX: The road may be
blocked.
• Might: Indicates possibility.
EX: It might be too late for dinner.
• Must: Shows obligation.
EX: You must eat to live.
 Try Your Luck!
• Let’s see if we can identify the functions of
some modal auxiliary verbs in sentences.

• The waiter will be bringing our order soon.

intention Logical permission

necessity
 Attached questions
Note that each question contains a positive-
negative or a negative-positive contrast.

Mary is late. Isn’t she?

positive negative
Mary didn’t arrive late. Did she?
negative positive Unit 3, verbs
 Auxiliaries
One way to categorize auxiliaries is based on their
number.
1. Verb forms with one auxiliary
 am, is, are, was, were, used in progressive and
passive forms

He is opening the door. Unit 4, auxiliaries

 Auxiliaries
 have, has, had, used in perfect tenses
They have just arrived.

 do, does, did, used in negatives and questions

Did he arrive on time?

He didn’t arrive on time. Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
 shall, will, used in future tense:
They will arrive soon.

 should, would, can, could, may, might and must

(known as modals) used with simple form of
verb.
He can speak English. Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
2. Verb forms with two auxiliaries (be, been and
being as the second auxiliary)

Have + been
Has + been
Had + been
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
Will, shall, can, may, must + be
These items will be put on sale tomorrow.

Would, should, could, might + be

If he were here now, that problem could be solved
easily.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries

Am, is, are, was, were + being

He is being offered a job in the factory.

They are being stubborn about the situation.

Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
3. Verb forms with two auxiliaries, have as the
second auxiliary
Will, shall, may, must, would, should, could,
might + have
I might have left my keys at home.

Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
4. Verb forms with three auxiliaries, have as the
second auxiliary
Will, shall, may, must, would, should, could,
might + have + been
The girl may have been smoking for some
1 2 3
time before her mother caught her doing it.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
Auxiliaries can be reviewed for their meanings as
well.

1. Ability (physical ability, learned ability and

have the power to)
Can, could, be able to

Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
 Physical ability:
I can (or I am able to) lift this stone.
 Learned ability:
She can (is able to) type.
 Have the power to:
I can see you tonight.
This factory can produce dozens of machines a
day. Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
2. Permission
May, might, can, could
May (can) I borrow your car?
You may (can) borrow my car if you drive
carefully.

 Can when used for permission is considered

informal. Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
 The past forms of may and can are also used in
requests.
Could (might) I borrow your car?

 May or can are also used in the sense of be

permitted.
Anyone may (can) enroll for this course.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
3. Obligation, advisability
Should, ought to, had better

Obligation (what one is expected to do):

You should (or ought to) do your homework
everyday.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
Advisability (what is wise for one to do):

She should (or ought to, or had better) eat less if

she wants to lose weight.

The forms used for past time, should have, ought

to have imply that the action was not performed.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
In addition to obligation and advisability, should,
and to a lesser extent ought to, may indicate
expectation.

It’s five o’clock. The train should (or ought to) be

here any moment.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
4. Possibility: may, can
May is the usual auxiliary for possibility.
It may (or might) rain tomorrow. (present or
future)
Might expresses less certainty.
He may (or might) have gone to the party last
night. Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
5. Necessity ; must, have to
Must and have to suggest a more urgent course
of action than should and ought to.

Must is generally felt as stronger than have to.

I must leave right away. Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
The past form of must is had to.
I had to meet my cousin yesterday.

Have got to is an informal equivalent of have to.

It has only a present form.
I have got to leave right away.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
6. Inference with must
Must is often used to make a guess about an event
in the present or in the past.

I hear the sound of fire engines. There must be a

fire nearby.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
 ‘Would rather’ as an auxiliary:
Would rather which is a synonym for prefer, ifs
often included among the auxiliaries. It may
refer to present or past time.

I would rather wear a fur coat than a cloth coat in

the winter. Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
Would rather have expresses past preference.

The Browns would rather have gone to the

movies than to the theater.
Remember that ‘would rather’ has the meaning
of preference, and ‘had better’ signifies
advisability.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
Apart from ‘be able to’, ‘ought to’, ‘have to’ and
‘have got to’, there are two more auxiliaries
with ‘to’:
1. Used to, meaning past custom
He used to play tennis very often when he was
young.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
Negative: he didn’t use to play tennis very often
when he was young.
Question: did he use to play tennis very often
when he was young?
Other ways of expressing past custom are with the
auxiliary would or with the simple past.

Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Auxiliaries
2. Be to, meaning be required to, be, supposed to,
be scheduled to

You were to do your home work in ink.

The train is to leave late tonight.

Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Contractions with auxiliaries

An auxiliary may contract not only with the

negative ‘not’ that follows it, but with the
subject that precedes it. Contractions with ‘not’
have already been covered. Contractions with
the subject take the following forms:
 Contractions with auxiliaries
am --- ’m I am ---- I’m
Is ---- ’s he is ---- he’s
Are ----’re they are ----- they’re
Has -----’s she has ----- she’s
Have -----’ve you have ----- you’ve

Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Contractions with auxiliaries
Had ------’d she had -------she’d
Shall -----’ll she will------- she’ll
Should, would ----’d you should -------you’d

No contraction occurs when ‘should’ is the

equivalent of the modal auxiliary ‘ought to’.
Unit 4, auxiliaries
 ‘Do’ as auxiliary

The ‘do’ auxiliary is accompanied by the simple

form of the verb. It is used only in the simple
present tense (do or does) and in the simple past
tense.

Unit 4, auxiliaries
 Do as auxiliary
Do you like my new hat?

I don’t like your new hat.

I don’t like coffee and neither does my wife.

The letter we were expecting never did arrive.

Unit 4, auxiliaries
• Want to try one more? Here you go!

• It might rain today.

permission Physical possibility

ability
 Practice Exercises
Identify the function of the modals below.
• The plane should leave at noon tomorrow.
• Mandy could go with either Sam or Frodo.
• Will you wake me at eight tomorrow?
• I shall return!
• Bob can swim very fast!
• It might be too late for goodbyes.
• You must turn to the dark side, Luke!
• Can I have a soda?
• How may I be of service?
• It will be mine!
Success!
Incorrect! Please Try Again.