Reduction of Multiple Subsystems-Block

Diagram Reduction
Parts of a Block Diagram System
Cascaded Form

Equivalent
Transfer Function
Parallel Form

Equivalent
Transfer Function
 Feedback Form

Note: negative sign in the

adder junction
means negative feedback
and vice versa

Equivalent
Transfer Function
If the feedback is negative

If the feedback is positive

Rules of Block Diagram Reduction
 Rule # 1
Moving the pickup point before a block

R(s) G(s) C(s) R(s) G(s) C(s)

G(s)

When moving a pickup point before a block, we need to multiply the pickup point
by the gain of the block. In this case, the pickup point has a gain of 1. Multiplying it
by the gain of the block which is G(s) gives us G(s).
 Rule # 2
Moving the pickup point after a block

R(s) G(s) C(s) R(s) G(s) C(s)

1/G(s)

When moving a pickup point after a block, we need to divide the pickup point gain
by the gain of the block. In this case, the pickup point has a gain of 1. Dividing it
by the gain of the block which is G(s) gives us 1/G(s).
 Rule # 3
Moving the summing junction before a block

G(s) + + C(s)
R(s) C(s) R(s) G(s)
+ +

1/G(s)

When moving a summing junction before a block, we need to divide the gain of the entry lin
by the gain of the block. In this case, the entry line has a gain of 1. Dividing it
by the gain of the block gives us 1/G(s).
 Rule # 4
Moving the summing junction after a block

+
+ C(s) R(s) G(s) C(s)
R(s) G(s) +
+

G(s)

When moving a summing junction after a block, we need to multiply the gain of the entry lin
by the gain of the block. In this case, the entry line has a gain of 1. Multiplying it
by the gain of the block gives us G(s).
Reduce the Block Diagram shown below
Step 1: Reduce the three summing junctions into
one
Step 2: Multiply G3 and G2 since they are cascaded
and add H1, H2 and H3 since they are parallel
Step 3: Then get the equivalent transfer function
using the feedback form
Exercise: Reduce the Block Diagram shown below