One Final Draft Port Training

TIKUR ABAY TRANSPORT COMPANY
PORT is a places where cargo is transferred between ships

and trucks, trains, pipelines, storage facilities, or refineries.
TERMINAL is a Place /pathway/ transfer point/ where cargoes

are loaded /unloaded on board vessel & trucks for transport
Table of Content
I.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE I.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE I.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE
WHAT IS PORT 5 DRY PORT 27-28 Pictorial features of dry port 46

/NATURAL , ARTIFICIAL 3 Benefits of Dry Port 29 Influential Factors for dry port 47
Effectiveness
TYPES OF PORT Classification of Dry port 30-31
Fishing port Integration of Dry port with 48
Warm Water ports 4 Required Facilities for dry 32-33 Economic Corridors
Seaport port operation
inland port Functional types of port 49
Major Service and 34 eccentric Logistics
dry port Facilities in dry port
Worldwide logistics cost 50
Activities in Dry Port 35
1 Fishing port Issues for dry port operations,
Elements of Fishing 5-6 Functional components of 36 function and development in 51
ports dry port the international Scheme
2 Warm Water ports 7-8 Functions of CFS 37 6 Port Terminal 53-54
Seaport 9 Activities of Dry As CFS 38 shared benefits inland port dry 55-57
Main function and Role 10-11 port & terminal
seaport type 12-13 Function of CY & ICD 39-40
3
Types of cargo handling 14-15 Difference B/N ICD & CFS 41 Difference B/N Port & Terminal 58-64
16-20 commercial actors charts/table
Seaport facilities 21.23 Difference B/N CY & ICD 42 container flow, Theory of
Djibouti Port features change sucess path ,values
Summary of Function of 43
4 Inland port 24 CY CFS ICD Dry port Disruptive Challenges 65-66
advantage of Inland port 25 & impacts resilience role dry
Actors of Inland port 26 Dry port Service Diagram 44
Role of Dry port in Single 45 PORT DISRRUPTION 67
or Multiple MTO REQUIRING RESILIENCe
WHAT IS PORT /NATURAL , ARTIFICIAL
Ports are commonly recognized as places where cargoes are transferred between ships and trucks,
trains, pipelines, storage facilities, or refineries.
A port is a place to facilitate loading as well as unloading of vessels and cargoes. it is an intersection
point in cargo circulation sphere.
Ports are the activators of the social and economic growth of a region facilitating trade and
serving a hub/center/ for social activities.
Ports is a great significance to a nation, as it promotes commercial benefit and the trade scenario.
Ports can also be of military importance, as they are used to keep the warships before moving
out to the battle scene.
Port is anchor in a new era. Centre of activity where the

land meets the sea
MAJOR TYPES OF PORT /NATURAL , ARTIFICIAL
There are five major types of natural or artificial ports

1 Fishing ports
2 Warm Water ports
3 Seaport
4 Inland port
5 Dry port
TYPES OF PORT
1 Fishing ports
Commercial relaxation ports only serve fishing activities by the people for fun and enjoyment with
subsequent economic benefit
It combines infrastructure facilities, human resources, serving fishery industrial zone for
processing ,storage and marketing of fishes and maintaining fishing fleet to inland with ultimate
development of fishery sector
It requires more frequent maintenance as compared with other ports due to lesser depth that confines
fishing vessels’ draught shallow depth. As a result several are the verge and or threshold/commencement /
of closure
Fishery port is a path of innovation and elevation moving for sustainable development of blue economy in
the fishery industry involved in the catching , distribution and marking of fish and seafood in compliance
with fisheries standards
Blue economy is a leading to optimal utilization of the wealth of ocean sea lakes and rivers with
complimentary environmental sustainability and potential economic & financial opportunities for fishery
industry
1.2 Elements of Fishing ports
Hangers: They are special storage sections used primarily to keep goods and merchandise/trade/ fresh.
They also house for production as well as a storage space, where the necessary food and other supplies for
the fish are produced and stored. After manual sorting and grading by class of type and size of unloaded are
stored and further treated. The hangers are equipped with means for preserving goods at low temperatures.
Supply post: is an important feature of a fishing port because it is responsible for meeting the ship’s fuel and
freshwater demands.It is for fuel and fresh water supply for vessels,
Port operation and administrative building: It is a place where planning for the cruise and fishing are
prepared as well as the administration of all legal and health issues are handled there are offices for
harbor master, police, and premises for health check services etc), for the use of professionals (offices of
ship owners, fish traders, suppliers etc).
Premises: This is the structure that contains the fish transactions, whether it is the purchase or selling of the
fish. The sale of fishing produce is carried out (auction rooms)
TYPES OF PORT
2 Warm Water ports
It is also known as Ice-free ports maintained at warm temperature which doesn't freeze during frosty
winter season at Alaska /Valdez Russia Japan . It operates throughout the year without temporary
shutdown during freezing time .
The warm-water port is operational throughout the year when others ports stop their services during
cooling season . It support to reach the import/export demand/supply that plays significant role in
expansion of global of trade economic development
The warm water ports made inland waterway trading possible in countries like Ethiopia.
TYPES OF PORT
2 Warm Water ports
Warm- water ports are important to Russian security for the following
- sea control securing power to use the sea to serve its interests,
- maritime power projection is the “ability of a state to influence or coerce/force/ others at, or from, the
sea that includes social, political, and/or military projections.
- Good order at sea; using to protect anything that threatens the set beneficial order. Good order at sea
involves dealing with traditional threats (alliances, balancing, unipolarity, etc.), as well as new age of
globalization threats (weapons of mass destruction, illegal immigration, non-state actors’ aggression,
radicalism, environmental degradation
- maritime consensus implies cooperation and integration of countries, maritime agencies as

persuaded to cooperate to deal with common threats
3 Sea port
A seaport is a gateway through which cargoes and passengers are transferred between ships and the shore
It is a place providing facilities for berthing of ship and handling cargo.
It is maritime hub and spoke /location , path /in spectrum of connection for collection and distribution center
handling logistics activities in central facilities for central operations
Seaports are maritime hub and spoke and integral part in maritime logistic enhancing the development of
connection and distribution centers and infrastructure for inland connections conceptualized with seaport-
eccentric
Seaports are the most common types of ports worldwide used for commercial shipping activities. These ports
are built on a sea location and enable the accommodation of small and large vessels.
Numerous seaports are situated along the coastline and actively handle the ongoing cargo transactions .
Hub and spoke refers to the organization of the shipment of cargoes between shipper A and
receiver B via a central logistics node/connection/.
3 Sea port
3.1 Main functions of seaports
To assure safety for seagoing vessels entering, operation in and leaving the seaport
To provide facilities and equipment necessary for seagoing vessels to anchor, load and unload cargo, and
embark, disembark and transfer passengers and crews
To provide cargo transportation, loading and unloading, transshipment of cargoes to and from vessels
To provide services of storage warehousing and preservation of cargoes on land and stevedore to and from
vessel in the seaport
To provide shelter, repair, maintenance of necessary services to seagoing vessels and other crafts in
emergency cases
To provide inland access and inter-modal connections. and complementary services to shipping carriers
3 Sea port
3.2 The Role of Seaport
Its physical structures enable the arrival and departure cargoes and its connectivity enables a country to
attract business investment and human capital being employment hub for social and economic
development
Seaports are important nodes/connection/ of modals where ships , short-sea , road and rail modes
converge/meet/ and develop a complimentary relationship between waterborne and land modes in the
range of logistics activities playing active role the the transport chain
Provides logistic functions such as cargo management, information sharing, logistic integration and value
adding services ensuring smooth transportation of cargoes to next stage of the logistic system , giving
industry access to foreign market and facilitates cargo movement
Facilitates inter-modality and be involved in providing various value adding services that includes
warehousing, storage, packing for preparations of containers to deliver to the destination via inland
transportation
3.3 Sea port type

3.3.1 Cruise Home Ports
Deal with the activities of cruise ships. It provides the platform for the passengers to enter, embark and
disembark the cruises at the beginning and the end of the journeys, respectively.
A cruise home port can also provides provisions for luxurious cruise voyage. The supply may vary
from fuel resources to fresh drinking water, wines, foods etc.
3.3.2 port of call: Port of Refuge ;

Mid-way port/intermediate/ not part of a ship’s itinerary. On the ship’s travel plan to accept fuel supply
& stocking or unloading cargo. It is a type of port short visit by a ship on the voyage for carrying out
essentials . It also serves as a stopover port between a particular vessel’s home ports due
to various reasons such as cargo operations ( cleaning, repairs or maintenance) stock ups supplies
of fuel
3 Sea port type

3.3.3 Cargo Ports/ Port of Loading and Discharging
Handles cargoes of different nature and type with available conveniences, specialized to handle cargoes of
bulk port break bulk port , container port . Ro/Ro port
Its operations involve mechanical technique designed for various types of ships, cargoes for loading
/unloading transporting from various places, employing the adeptness of a cargo port
Deep water ports are sometimes used along with those cargo ports which do not have sufficient depth to
allow big ships.
Bulk ports handle cargo like wood, liquid chemicals or fuel, food grains, automobiles, etc.,
Container ports handle containerized cargo or cargo in containers. Sometimes a third category is added in
this series, an all-in-one port. This port not only handles specific shipments but can manage all kinds of
cargoes in a single port.
Numerous operating terminals branch out from individual bulk ports and are assigned to maintain the
various kinds of ship landings.
Stevedores are the companies which act as terminal operators and preside/control / over the actions of the
different operating terminals.
3.4 Types of Cargo Handled in Marine Ports
3.4.1 Shipping Containers

With different sizes (8’6” & 9’6” heights and 20′, 40′, 45′ feet lengths) and different types (standard dry,
refrigerated, open top, open side, flexi-tank and flat rack) various types of cargoes are stuffed and shipped
inside containers. Container vessels carry these containers and they are very easy to handle.
3.4.2 Automotive/RoRo Cargo

This type of cargo could be cars, buses, trucks, agricultural vehicles and cranes. If cargo is self-propelled, it
could just be driven inside a Ro/Ro vessel. But if it is not, the cargo is placed on self-propelled handling
equipment.
Sea port type /Types of Cargo Handled in Marine Ports

3.4.3 Bulk Cargo
These can be dry or liquid. They are not packed and they are carried in large quantities in bulk vessels.
Some examples are grain, coal, iron ore, sugar, crude oil, and vegetable oil.
3.4.4 Break-bulk Cargo

Break-bulk cargo could be carried in both containers or on general cargo vessels. They could be packed in
many ways such as palletized, bagged, boxed, barreled or unpacked. Or, they can be general cargo
like rolled steel, steel rods, wood, wind tribune wings, etc.
3.4.5 Refrigerated Cargo

Refrigerated containers protect and preserve the condition of your fresh produce and frozen foods whilst
they’re in transit. using fleet of ‘Reefer’ containers to transport perishable goods and ensure it stays in the
optimal environment throughout the door-to-door journey.
3.5 SEAPORT FACILITIES
Seaport facilities be consolidated and expanded, water depths increased and local infrastructure like
roads and railways improved.
Seaport facilities are owned by the port authority such as: seawall jetties; piers; wharves; docks; boat
landings; marinas; warehouses/finished goods/; storehouses/raw materials/; elevators; grain bins; cold
storage plants; terminal icing plants; bunkers; oil tanks; ferries; canals; locks; bridges; tunnels; seaways;
conveyors;
Jetties protect the shoreline/boundary/ of a body of water by acting as a barrier against erosion from
currents, tides, and waves. It connects the land with deep water for the purposes of docking ships and
unloading cargo. This type of jetty is called a pier.
wharves sticking from land to water or parallel to the shoreline where vessels berth for unloading and
loading.
Berth with the required depth and length is a designated location in a port or harbour used for mooring
vessels when they are not at open sea. Berths provide a vertical front which allows safe and secure
mooring that can then facilitate the unloading or loading of cargo or people from vessels. Dock Built for
the purpose of loading and unloading of goods.
SEAPORT FACILITIES
A Pier is a, normally wooden, structure which protrudes /stick out/ from the shore at a level above the
water level, allowing ships to disembark passengers in the deeper water further out. The length of the pier
may also provide berths for smaller boats
The PIER is a global centre of excellence for port innovation in marine transportation, supply chain and
logistics. Through The PIER, partners, stakeholders, researchers, students and entrepreneurs dedicated to
tackling problems within those three areas of focus listed above. The physical space, leased retail
storefronts as well.
A Quay is, technically, a part of the river bank or coastline which has been modified so ships can dock at it
parallel to the shore.Boat is moored at the quay
Boat Landing is crucial structure for offshore vessels, that provides a place for boats to safely land people
or goods.
Marina a dock or basin providing secure moorings for pleasure boats and often offering supply, repair, and
other facilities.
Seawall s built parallel to the shore at the transition between the beach and the mainland or dune, to
protect the inland area against wave action and prevent coastal erosion.
IMAGES OF WHARF PIER AND QUAY
Seaport wharves with and without crane Seaport Pier
Seaport Quay
SEAPORT FACILITIES
3.6 Equipment Required for handling cargoes
3.6.1 Port equipment
The ports are equipped with modern cargo logistics technology. For this, it has the positioning system of
geological information, in which all the vehicles and cranes that handle the containers are IT based, that is,
they are controlled and supervised by means of a powerful computer.
This container traffic is possible thanks to a magnetic grid installed on the asphalt that allows vehicles to be
guided thanks to a navigation system that regulates their position and speed.
For bulk cargoes quayside mobile crane, grab bucket, shovel loader, bulldozer & dump-truck
For non-bulk cargoes, quayside mobile crane, forklift, truck and pallet
For handling containers are , quayside mobile crane (heavy type), forklift (heavy type), tractor and trailer .
SEAPORT FACILITIES
3.7 Required Land Space

Space for storage yard (construction material and coal), warehouse, road, utility and reserve area
And in a port handling containers, ICD (inland container/clearance depot) consisting of CY (container yard),
CFS (container freight station) and DC (distribution center)
Required number of access road lanes Two lanes will be required for all major ports.
Access roads between major ports and dyke/dam/ road or Ring Road have to be constructed.
Required elevation of port facilities

Crown elevation of berths in major ports shall be set at a level slightly higher than Warning Water Level
Ground elevation of roads, storage yards and warehouses shall be set at a level higher than that of berths in
order to avoid traffic blockade and/or degradation of commodity value due to flooding.
Djibouti Port Features
1 Conventional Cargo TRUCK NEW
quay CONTAINER RO/RO PARKING ENTRANCE
TERMINAL BERTH
2 Ramp Ro/Ro Berth PARKING
3 Harbor Office
4 Immigration office CFS ETH
5 General Cargo and POLICE
Bulk Berth STATION
WORK
SHOP
6 WFP Warehouse WORK
SHOP
7 Police Station BB/ GEN
8 slipway BERTH
9 Port Entrance WFP IMMIG. HARBOR

10 Workshop W.HOUSE OFFICE OFFICE
11 CFS Ethiopian Transit

depot POLICE
STATION
12 Container terminal BERTH
13 Ro/Ro berth
SLIPWAY
14 Truck Parking
PORT FREEZONE
15 New entrance parking Truck
ENTRANCE Ramp Ro/Ro QUAY
16 Free zone parking
BERTH
Seaport Features
quay an area where the cargo is loaded or discharged on and off the ships. Each port or
1 Conventional terminal will, in turn, have several berths/quays which usually have shore equipment for handling
Cargo quay cargo, covered sheds, open cargo storage areas e.t.c where the cargo is discharged, loaded and
may be stored.
2 Ramp Ro/Ro Berth built-in or shore-based ramps or ferry slips that allow the cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off
the vessel when in port
A harbour area filled with water sheltered by natural barriers like land and rocks or artificial
3 Harbor Office barriers like breakwaters sometimes surrounded by tetra-pods, that can provide a ship with safe
anchorage and allow the transfer of goods and/or passengers between the ship and the shore.
4 Immigration office for the boarding formalities for every ship, officers from Immigration office Control and regulate
entry and exit of all persons at our airports, seaports and land border posts,
5 General Cargo and place in which a vessel is moored or secured; place alongside a quay where a ship loads or
Bulk Berth discharges cargo. Berth term. Shipped under a rate that does not include the cost of loading or
unloading
6 WFP Warehouse it used to store food to provide food to people as and when needed
7 Police Station to provide to the Port of Djibouti with the capability to patrol and monitor the security of the Port
at all times.
8 Slipway A slipway, boat ramp or launch or boat deployer, is a ramp on the shore by which ships or boats
can be moved to and from the water.
Seaport Features
Is a landing place for ships on a coast, river, or lake. Ships dock at ports to load & unload
9 Port Entrance cargo
10 Workshop special production building that can produce Mechanical Parts Fuel concrete , Uniforms
and Bronze
CFS Ethiopian Transit is a warehouse that specializes in the consolidation and deconsolidation of cargo. An
11 depot LCL (less than container load) shipment will be taken to a CFS at origin to be
consolidated into a container with other cargo.
A facility located inside port where containerized cargoes are transferred between
12 Container terminal different modes of transportation. There are maritime container terminals located inside a
port, and inter-modal terminals, located inland.
location at which a Ro-Ro vessel can berth and load and unload motor vehicles and other
13 Ro/Ro Berth mobile Ro-Ro units via ramps from ship to shore and vice versa
The spaces are signed as truck for truck parking during the day, so as to the truck driver take
14 Truck parking rest as required by regulation
New Entrance parking The first maneuver that a parking truck will make entering the at parking lot in port . This
15 maneuver,
in, duty-free areas, offering warehousing, storage, & distribution facilities for trade,
16 Free zone transshipment, & re-export under specific customs regulation
4 Inland port
Inland ports are domestic ports/wet port , usually connected to seaports that helps to decrease congestion
at seaports, supports consolidating import and distribution functions at one location, allow for more
warehousing space away from seaports, and have plenty of storage space. They can also act as buffers in
supply chains by being temporary warehousing spaces.
Being away from seaport ,perform buffering in supply chain by availing plenty of warehousing and storage
spaces with facilities to improve speed to market driven by risen global imports to shift more to and from
“inland port” for fast off-loaded from ships and moved to inland cargo distribution centers for further
handling and redistribution ,cargo stocking and dispatching, but they are occasionally made open to
passengers as well.
The development of inland ports, leads to be a hotspot/point/ for inland waterway trades. availing
congestion-free space and adequate capacity, for inter-modal transportation
Located in a navigable lake, river, or canal having access/connectivity/ to the sea or ocean that allows
ships to sail from the ocean to the port for loading /unloading of cargoes
Technically inland ports are shallower than seaports that do not allow deep docking /mooring/ It is only
for small size vessels for docking, recreational purpose i.e ferrying people and fishing activities to dock
and people
4 Inland port
Advantage of Inland port
As compared with Sea and Road, Inland port is sustainable option to exceed efficiency rail shipment to and
from inland port in terms of less fuel consumption than trucks. Speeds flow of cargo between ships and
major land transportation networks. Improves speed-to-market and the lowest cost shipping for a desirable
alternative. Avoid heavy congestion at seaports. that improves the movement of imports and exports,
shifting time-consuming sorting and handling , away from congested seaports.
Brings success to major and large logistics retailers /importers saving money by consolidating multiple
distribution centers into smaller hubs situated at inland ports with adequate logistics capacity resulting
market proximity to society in collaboration of stakeholders on implementation and management and
effective utilization of inland ports.
Increase capacity in supply chain system that includes inter-modal capacity for inland
cargo ,consolidation, storage/off-site/ distribution in one location by availability of space promoting inter-
modal integration through transport corridors/rail road fluvial/stream water/ that further develops city
logistics services .
Provides prevailing support on space allotment for the services of foreign trade zones upon fulfillment of
laws and regulation technical and economic requirements, services. Abundance of reasonably priced
commercial real estate for warehousing and distribution.
4 Actors of Inland port in the form of operators partnership , ownership and
usage agreement
Functions
I.NO Actors
Land use Transport Logistics
Port Authorities Plan &
Modal Shift Econom ic Developm ent Modal Shift Econom ic Developm ent
1 Developm ent of Agency Full entitlem ent of ownership
of Metropolitan / City area of Metropolitan / City area
services
Share holders /Partners Right Away/ legal right form ed
2 / National & International on grant from land owners for Renting /Leasing Area Renting/Leasing Area
Com panies long term land usage
Transport of cargo/ containers
An integrated part of logistics in
between ports and a hub port
transport chain, connecting road ,
connecting inland with , frequent
railway and deep sea services for
3 shuttle operation Ownership usage agreem ent fixed departure schedules, and high
better transport access in the global
reliability .Barge shuttle operation
m arkets and facilitates adaption of
Rail shuttle operation / transport
logistics system s
service between two places
Conveying cargo on canals and
rivers inland waters, from one As a part of logistics Inter-m odal
4 Barge operator Ownership / usage agreem ent point to another between port and barge transportation ship containers
inland term inals that large vessel and other com m odities.
cannot go through
Rail & Road Transport Door to Door transport Organizer
5 Ownership / usage agreem ent Custom s clearance
operators for volum inousness cargoes
Carrier Haulage Classification and Capacity to load and ship volum es

Coordinating office based on
6 Shipping Com panies inter-port com petition for of cargoes per voyage /scaling up
ownership /usage agreem ent
containers and logistics services logistics
Coordinating interfacing all the

Term inal Operators / term inal logistics elem ents
7 port rail truck and Ownership/usage agreem ent Inter-m odal Storage including vessels, trucks, cranes,
Barge/ trains, and port staff, track cargo
m ovem ent,
Custom s clearance / Consolidation /

deconsolidation / Trans-loading /
8 Freight Forwarders Ownership /Renting Merchant Haulage
Postponem ent buffer / value adding
services
Delivery space and place ensuring
Develop Logistics zones /build to
Com m ercial real state Rent & Asset Affiliation high-quality logistics facilities to
9 lease in coordination with term inal
developer and prom oter /purchase/ m eet dem and of custom ers around
operators
the world.
5 DRY PORT
THE DRY PORT CONCEPT MOVING SEAPORT PHYSICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
ACTIVITIES TO INLAND
MOVEMENT OF SEAPORT INTERFACER FURTHER INLAND
Main features
Seamless /smooth/transport & transshipment points between rail and road
Inter-modal Terminal situated Inland
Scheduled and reliable rail connection between a seaport and a dry port
Equipped for mainly the handling of standardized units
Customs Clearance , Forwarding Services Maintenance of containers
Multi-modal logistics centre,
Relevant part in logistic supply chains/value chains
New Client to Seaport , capitalizing added value and reducing cost
5 Dry port
A dry port is an inland inter-modal terminal and centre multi modal logistic directly connected to a seaport,
with high capacity inland carrier modes, via road or rail preferably rail. Transportation facilities, are point of
transfer of cargoes from one mode to another mode of transport like road transport to rail transport or air
transport etc.
Dry port is inland logistics centre with secured location having international importance connecting one or
more modes of transport to handle storage and regulatory inspection of goods moving in international trade
and the execution of applicable customs clearance. control and formalities” with competency
Dry Ports services with simplified procedures fewer controls minimizing malpractice leading to consistency ,
to trade-generating industry and their transport connections creating stable domestic domestic climate
It is an inland terminal to which shipping companies issue their own import B/L for Import cargoes under
assumption of full responsibilities as per terms and conditions stated in the MTO Bill of Lading
A dry port provides services for the handling and temporary storage of containers, general and/or bulk
cargoes that enter or leave the dry port by any mode of transport such as road, railways, inland waterways
or airports
It is purposefully the veins in the supply chain used to connect importers and exporters from remote areas
who cannot access seaports for trading or other purposes thereby increase trade flow
5.2 Benefits of Dry port
Improves issues of storage and customs space that frequently plagues/hindering/ seaports mainly due to
limited space in location. This would in turn support competitive position on temporary storage of cargoes
prior to embark next or final destination
Avoids Storage demurrage and late documentation that seizing cargoes at seaport/inland boarders due to
lack of documentation, discrepancy i.e B/L commercial invoice document. Avoidance of clearing/ forwarding
charges at seaport by issuance of combined B/L under multi modal operation further avoidance of possible
insurance extension charges that ceases at dry port
Speeds up the movement of cargo between ships and inland transportation systems that distribute cargoes
making dry ports being as central distribution hubs for a massive cargoes accelerating , flow of import and
export cargoes reducing door to door freight charges by consolidation of cargoes & use of containerization
Having specialized , standardized , facilities that are designed to handle standardized international shipping
containers, facilitates fast movement of off-load from a ship and load onto a tractor-trailer, train, or another
ship until final destination
Cost-effective distribution channel between seaports with high-capacity rail making the whole linked
process efficient within the supply chain reaching cargoes final destination fast at lower cost .
Lowering CO2 emissions due to transportation of cargoes in the supply chain, especially when using rail
mode of transport
Classification of Dry port Close Mid range and distant
5.1 Close dry port is located near actual seaport(100KM) and close cargo sources or trade generating
location. Mainly used for depot with increased terminal capacity providing consolidation from
road transport & seaport having direct linkage between dry and seaport and alleviating /relieving/
seaport cities and streets
. It is more appropriate for small-medium trucks for road transport of Break-bulk cargoes between
cargo from seaport to dry port to optionally the seaport straight rail link or IWT between dry port
and seaport with a larger storage space to seaports and a consolidation for road transportation to
and from the seaport
5.2 Mid-Range Dry Port is situated between close and distant port covered by road to serve as
consolidation point for different rail services, implying that administration and technical
equipment specific for sea transport dry ports. The distance from seaport is apporximatley 100-
500 KM Mid-range dry port usually offer depot facility . All the other advantages are similar to distant
dry port
5.3 Distant dry port is located over 500KM from the seaport having capability to provide critical
transportation over long distances and modal shift from road to rail benefiting congestion and
environmental impacts . It improves seaport ability to offer more land access. It is is viable for cargo
flows by rail or barges for business scale from cost perspective that depends on high economic scale
/full capacity utilization
Benefits Dry Port Location to actors in System
Distant Mid range Close
Less congestion Less congestion Less congestion
Seaport Expanded interface Dedicated train Increase capacity Depot
with hinterland Depot interface Direct loading ship-train
with Hinterland
Seaport cities Less road congestion Less road congestion Less road congestion
Land use opportunities Land use opportunities Land use opportunities
Shipping Lines Economic of scale Less time in congested roads
and freight Gain market share Gain market share and terminals
forwarders Avoiding environmental zone
shipper Improve seaport access Improve seaport access Improve seaport access
Environmental marketing
Society Modal shift Modal shift Lower environmental impact

Less infrastructure Less infrastructure Job opportunities
Lower environmental impact Lower environmental impact
Job opportunities Job opportunities
5 Dry port
Requirements and Required Facilities for Dry port Operations/Services
It is required to be located adjacent to land-locked countries connecting for all activities with a proper fencing
and secured exit- entry gate services , system and Lighting
A big size of warehouse for temporary storage and examination/inspection, of cargoes by customs and other
agencies and for cargo packing services with customs clearance facilities and work force equipped with fixed
installation
Big Container Yard area for placing and managing the container flow to and from the sea port for services
including reefer and refrigeration
Offices for customs and dry port management and for other agencies such as clearing and forwarding
agencies, shipping agents, freight forwarders, MTOs etc
Labour and equipment for handling of containers and cargo,container Clearing Services & facilities for repair
& maintenance of containers with offices for all operators
Reliable and efficient ICT for cargo tracing and tracking system with communication facilities such as phone,
internet, etc.
Clearing and fumigation services/ atmospheric /
5.1 Dry port

Required Facilities for Dry port Operations/Services
Dry Port facilities with adequate machineries / gantry crane/ and storage capacity reduce cargo dwell time
and delays and turn around time of container cargo and truck , customs clearance , improve multi-modal
connections to hinterland and infrastructure directly influencing
A dry port is required to have all of the necessary equipment to manage continuous/uninterrupted shipment
clearance, such as cargo arrangements rail sidings, storage facilities, and even container yards. instrument
Offices for shipping lines railway road haulage ,brokerage ,customs control and clearance freight
forwarding agent , an operator , site owner
Container Handling equipment for 20ft and 40 ft and other sizes
Container freight station/CFS/ with stuffing and unstuffing
Inland container depot/ICD/ equipped to handle full and empty containers to provide a storage facility for
containers in the dry port
Cargo consignment consolidation and deconsilidation
Booking services for mode of transport
Major Services and Facilities in Dry Port
Services Facilities
Container Handling and Storage light repairs stuffing / Container Yard & Container freight station
unstuffing, stripping , Cargo consignment consolidation and ICD equipped to handle full and empty
deconsilidation containers to provide a storage facility for
containers in the dry port Repair Facilities
Non-containerized /break-bulk , Bulk cargo handling
/ storage Inventory Management and Materials Handling Break-bulk & Bulk Storage facilities
Customs Inspection and clearance border controls inspection Bonded warehouse, Non-bonded storage,
and clearance , Booking services for all mode of transport International & Domestic Trade
Freight forwarding and cargo consolidation Transport booking Equipment to manage continuous shipment
and brokerage , customs control & clearance clearance, i.e rail sliding cargo
instrumentation, Container Handling
Banking/insurance/financial services
equipment for 20ft and 40 ft and other sizes
Value added services (e.g. packaging,labeling, long term
Offices for shipping lines, railway road way
warehousing, Relocation )
road freight forwarding agent haulage
Regulatory functions i.e monitoring control, ensuring receipt , brokerage ,customs control and clearance
and remittance, pest and disease control, quality inspections, agent , an operator , site owner bank and
check on contraband and narcotics, Insurance etc
Activities in Dry Port
1 CFS Container Freight station is located near the port, Mainly deal with LCL cargo. It is s only a
Customs area exercising control over a specified Customs port, airport, LCS/ICD. linked to
Customs station within the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Customs
2 ICD /Inland Container Depot is Customs station’ for seaport and air cargo where activities filing
of Customs manifests, Shipping and other Bills entrees and other declarations, assessment and all
the activities related to clearance of cargoes for warehousing, temporary admissions, re-export,
temporary storage for onward transit and outright export, transshipment, etc
3 CY/Container Yard/ is a dedicated area for full container load (FCL) containers whereas and located
within the port, unlike a CFS, which is located close to a port or terminal. CFS picks up empty
containers from a CY for FCL and LCL export shipments.
A CY’s functions include positioning containers for loading on ships and storing off-loaded
containers until they are transferred to a CFS or rail yard or handed over to the importer.
Both CY and CFS have cut-off dates by which the container must be delivered in order to make the
scheduled sailing.
Functional Components of Dry Port
warehouse that specializes in the consolidation and deconsolidation
A Container Freight Station of cargo
Designated area for containers in a terminal or dry port for receiving

B Container Yard container , assembling, holding storing and delivering from where they are
picked It is also storage area before they are loaded or offloaded from
a ship. is also called Marshalling /temporary storage/
C Inland/ Empty container depot A storage area for empty shipping containers.
group of shipments that are bound for the same region that normally
would have shipped through less than Truckload (LTL) carrier are
D Truck Pool pooled together or consolidated to a full trailer or trailers and then
deconsolidated to make the final leg of the delivery
E Railway A track for rail run / passage station area
F Office & Commercial offices allocated for commercial purpose
Industrial area specifically designed for storage, management,
G Logistics Park distribution and transportation of various Cargoes
H customs Inspection and customs clearance of Cargo moving in international

trade.
Functions of a Container Freight Station
• Receives and consolidates LCL shipments for the export process of cargo. They also de-consolidate the
new or used shipping containers at their destination and then dispatch the final individual packages
• Serves as a temporary container storage space for goods, empty and full containers.
• Facilitates the maintenance and repairs of the cargo units that they might have incurred while in transit.
• Prepares a container load plan. And marking and sealing of the cargo boxes for identification once they
reach their destination is also done here.
• Handling documentary procedures like customs clearance procedures process that include
classification , examination as well as assessment of the cargo shipments.
• Track, sort out, load, and conduct final counting of the cargo units before and after shipping.
• Maintains and track the shipments, including the names of exporters and importers, customs agents,
and so on.
Activities of dry Port as CFS
CFS
Freight forwarding Shipping Agent
Customs Clearance
Coordination smooth transport of cargoes At seaport arranging a berth, all required port
in the international shipment from one and husbandry services, clearing the ship
Warehousing Consolidation
place to another by supervising the with the port and other authorities, attending
whole process and organizing means of crews’ need
Import /Export LCL/ full
transport and modal choice
containers Preparation and submission of appropriate
Having global network access as documentation, along with releasing or
Intermediary, responsible for supervising Container Yard / Storage receiving cargo on behalf of the ship
shipment Cargo and transport tracking ,
tracing and Transport Tracking and port Import/Export Break-bulk Handles a ship's business in each port the
inspections other as appropriate Cargoes ship visits.also handling business transaction
on behalf of shipper
A point of contact among shipper , carrier
Customer Service Manages a ship’s business transactions once
and receiver
it reaches its destination.
Have dedicated space for CFS Container Repair
Dealing with all the essential paperwork for
Customs and other export and import the shipment and more.
documentation
A point of contact between the carrier and port
Cargo Insurance and claims providing the required services
Managing costs & charges i.e port ,cargo ,
cargo , terminal insurance
Functions of CY
A container yard is situated in port area with a physical facility from which ocean carriers accept and
deliver ocean containers, as well as issue and receive back empty containers. Ocean sailings typically have
a CY cut-off date by which the container must be loaded
Container Yard A facility inside or outside the Container Terminal which accepts laden export containers
from shippers or laden import containers for delivery to consignees
Container Yard (CY) – receipt/despatch of containers by road and rail, container storage
Container Yard is a place where containers are stored before and after sailing of vessel and before loading
onto the vessel or after unloading and place where empty containers are stored from the vessel/ship after it
arrives at Port. A Container Yard is primarily used for FCL (Full container load)
shipment
The purpose of container yards is to accommodate, store ‘ready to be loaded’ containers just before they’re
shipped off by shipping line. Hence, in most cases, CYs are located near a terminal or an inland (dry port).
A container yard is where several containers are stored or held in transit, once they are unloaded,
the depot provides a single place where shipping and logistics companies can keep their containers until
it is time for reloading.
Functions of ICD
• Acts as a storage facility where the cargo containers can be stored for some time before they are
transferred to the seaport for being loaded onto the shipping vessels.
• Offers repair and maintenance facilities for different dimensions of shipping containers as well as for the
equipment used for the transportation and shifting of the cargo containers.
• Provides warehouses facilities for the temporary storage of cargo while assisting in the import-export
custom clearances. They tend to serve as transshipment hubs as well.
• The loaders use them as transit points for rail and roads for carrying the cargo units to and from the
seaports.
• Controls the demurrage charges and also assist with administrative and documentation procedures.
• Plays role in the consolidation of LCL shipments (less than container load) which results in a reduction of
container shortage in the shipping industry.
• It is essentially an extension of the container seaport infrastructure that has developed over the last few
years. They help in the container sorting and processing functions.
• It is a central facility where the cargoes sent and received by multiple trading companies are consolidated
or stripped into or from a single shipment depending upon the point of packing or at the point of delivery.
Difference between ICD and CFS
• Inland Container Depots (ICDs) are container • CFS refers to a warehouse where LCL shipments
storage facilities that are inside a country, but are consolidated. It is a warehouse station where
away from gateway ports and towns. The the consolidation and deconsolidation of goods
shippers commonly refer to them as “Dry Ports.” take place before the loaders export or import
As they are far away from the country, in the them to different destinations in the transaction
hinterland, and also away from any water bodies of import-export at the departure location as well
like the sea or river courses. as the destination.
• An ICD is a customs station that the loaders use • A CFS is a custom area that is an extension of
for loading and unloading cargo the port-terminal itself.
• ICD helps importers/exporters to handle their • CFS is a part of the customs station and does
cargo shipments closer to factories and not have any independent existence
warehouses and have an independent existence. • CFS is mostly closer to the seaports.
• ICD is usually far away from the servicing points
• Only a part of the customs process, i.e. the
• Bills of entry, shipping bills, and other
examination of goods is carried out at the CFS.
documentation are carried out at the ICDs. The
The shippers load and unload the cargo onto the
shippers also use them for the assessment and
cargo units from the CFS.
clearance of goods, warehousing, temporary
storage, etc.
Difference Between CY and ICD
Container Yard that is situated within the port area with vast space used to accommodate containers
before. they are packed with consignment and shipped to the port .Containers are off loaded from the ship
and moved to the On Dock CY using straddle carriers or trucks and stored there till the receiver takes
delivery of the cargo. The purpose of having a container yard is the valuable space at the port and create
a separate space for their storage and maintenance.
Inland Container Depot, is a dry port based in the hinterland of a country (inland area of a country away
from the coast or major rivers) and is equipped to handle full and empty containers. Containers are moved
from the ship to the ICD and vice versa using rail and road networks.. An ICD is recognized by customs
and port authorities as an extension of the sea port and customs officials are present in many ICDs
Summary of function of CY CFS ICD
I.No CFS CY ICD
1 Assembles/disassemble Stores Empty container Aggregate the containers
consolidation segregation before moving to port
Mostly used in case of Multiple Mostly used in case of single Normally located away form
2 suppler recipient only LCL suppler recipient (FCL) coastal towns and ports
close to port of entry serve for FCL
3 Mostly CFS provides their Mostly belongs to the shipping Some ICD may even have
services and support to company and maintain them CFS attached to them as
shipping lines but not owned their extension
4 Operate through customs dedicated in a port where FCL Transit facility located
inspection and clearance containers are transported and inland operate as a separate
close to port stored before being loaded onto a entity
ship. Avail the customs-related
5 Decongest port and provides services with consolidation
and storage of cargo.
rail and road connectivity
A marshalling yard is a space arranged immediately behind the site for the efficient loading and
unloading of containers to or from container ships.
Role of Dry port in Single or Multiple Freight platform
Under Multi- modal Transport Operations
Export under Cargo Arrival at

Origin at Multi-modal
Multi-modal Consolidation at seaport of
Manufacturers Transport
transport dry port origin
Import Under Dry port

Multi modal Multi-Modal Arrival at seaport
Distribution Foreland
transport Transport of Destination
Foreland is the ocean-ward mirror of the hinterland, relate to the ports and overseas markets linked by shipping
services from a specific port
Foreland is maritime space where port performs commercial relationship with overseas customers
Foreland is the area of physical process of the port to which the cargo produced in its hinterland is sent or from
which the cargoes being sent to the hinterland ..
Pictorial Dry Port Features
Integration of Dry Port with Economic Corridors
Transit corridors /Economic corridors/ are essential to dry ports, to insure the continuity and smooth
movement of cargo from seaport to inland terminals servicing landlocked developing countries trade
.
The presence of these corridors parallel with dry port improves functions of seaport and development of
multi modal and Inter modal transport operation and , connection .
Dry ports located adjacent to such corridors reaping/gaining/ significant benefits to sectors investing
and operating dry port operations with optimized integration between seaports and hinterlands that
brings sustainable utilization of facilities
The development of Transit/economic/ corridors along with dry port brings dynamical and environmental
sustainability for inland terminals
Hence Transit economic corridor is important factor for success of dry port operation in seaport systems
Dry ports and Transit /Economic corridors/ becoming key to improved logistics and trade
Dry ports are Enablers of Trade

Economic Corridors are the Way To Ocean
Influencing Factor for Dry port effectiveness
PIVOTAL PORT IS CRITICIAL AND CRUCIAL FOR EXPORT

Worldwide Logistics Cost
Issues for dry port operations, function and development in
the international Scheme
Location issues.
The main function of dry ports is to support the movement of international trade between inland points of
origin or destination and seaports. For that reason, they need to be located within, or close to, source of
trade and to be accessible by rail from seaports;
Ownership issues.
The private ownership of dry ports is not necessarily a precondition for their sustainability, but they could
benefit from an infusion of private sector logistics expertise plus private and public capital in the form of
public-private partnership contracts;
Incentives.
Governments can encourage the establishment of dry ports through a range of incentives designed to
attract private sector investment, such as the provision of low-cost land and tax holidays or waiver
Synchronization Interfacing and interaction between transport modes, operators , service providers
representing as a point of convergence with proper address at each stage strategic & operational planning
Application of state-of-Art Digital solutions /ICT/ with involvement of dry port enhancing resilience to
increase reliability and security of cargoes , with simplified customs and other control formalities at dry port
in the inter-modal and multi-modal operations at dry port
Continued capacity on the development of inter-modal facilities in dry port imposing limitations on the
development of logistics
6 Port Terminal ;
Provides loading and off-loading of general cargo and can accommodate vessels in need of voyage repair and with
availability of critical area inspectors, skilled workforce to meet any voyage repair needs. Infrastructure
Terminal operations include: The receiving, processing, and staging of passengers. The receiving, movement, and
storage of cargo. The loading and unloading of cargo. The manifesting and forwarding of freight and passengers to
destinations.
Responsible for the safe, efficient, and quality-conscious unloading and loading of liquid products from storage
tanks, trucks, and vessels. Assure the work being performed consistently meets or exceeds the supervisor's
expectations, as well as adhering to published policies and procedures.
Terminal operator means a person who has responsibility for, or physical control over, the operation of a
terminal, including by ownership, contractual agreement, or appointment.
Inland port terminal located at dry port is merging point for transport modes rail, air, truck routes & inter-
modal modes for distribution of cargoes come from seaports. Seaport terminal is located at seaport
A terminal positioned in Dry port needs to fulfil following criteria in order to be considered an inland terminal
• Have a direct connection to the port/s, by road as well as by rail and/or river;
• Have a “corridor” with strong transport capacity available, or be positioned on it;
• Be equipped with suitable structures and machineries, compatible with the reference port/s;
• Play a collection and distribution role at local and regional level receiving and delivering full/empty container
to be loaded on and/or discharged from a container vessel, to/from empty depot.
Classification of Terminals by cargo type

General cargo terminals in drums bags , pallets and boxes with facilities open storage and warehouse
• Neo-bulk Terminals
• Container Terminals
Bulk cargo terminals.
Dry bulk cargo is not packaged and transported in large quantities limited by ship size or demand that
that requires specialized equipment and storage facilities /coal, iron ore, and grain,/
Liquid cargo terminals.

Liquid bulk. Commodities transported in liquid form require specialized transshipment equipment and
storage facilities. The most common liquid bulk terminal facilities are designed to handle oil and
petroleum products.
Containers Terminal
Containerized Cargoes facilities are designed only to handle a single break-bulk standard transport unit,
the container. Same have come to dominate the port terminal landscape because of the large variety of
Cargoes goods that can be carried in containers. They are capital-intensive and require a large
area due to the storage requirement of containers.
Ro/Ro-Ro.Terminals
Handles vehicles that are rolled on and off a vehicle carrier. Require ramps, but standard vehicle
carriers commonly have their own ramps. The most important are of a Ro/Ro terminal is the
parking space used to store vehicles. Also, include ferries that carry a combination of vehicles and
passengers and, as such, require rather extensive parking space while vehicles are waiting to roll onto
the ferry.
Passengers Terminals
Handle at multipurpose facilities as liner ships also carried freight. Ferry terminals are a specialized
component in many ports part of a domestic ferry network, The emergence of the cruise industry has been
associated with the setting up of cruise passenger terminals that can be extensive at turn port facilities
Classification inland terminal based on the roles in the transport network

1 Terminals with direct connection to the port, which lack in warehousing capacity and operability in
moving and handling goods, and because of this, the mentioned functions have been decentralized to
locations close either to the consignee or to the port;
2 Terminals positioned on more important corridors, meant to speed up unloading and reloading operations
of means of transport, and also comprising smaller facilities for the purpose of sending small batches of
goods to set destinations;
3 Hub and spoke terminals, intended as central junctions where important flows of cargo , characterized
Shared Benefits of Inland port , Dry Port and Terminal

Societal Benefit
Economic development ; as a result of investment in warehouse , distribution facilities and
establishment of new companies /operators
Employment Creation
Dry port and inland ports mainly provides value-added service the tends to be labor intensive in the
form of intermediary components of manufacturing and trading , packing , assembling labeling
transportation , storage , distribution and ancillary services ( financing, marketing legal advice customs
brokerage etc) which required educated , trained professional workforce being responsive to dynamic
change of logistics demand and advanced technologies
Increased Tax Revenues.
Gaining taxes in different forms from developers , operators and workforce
Reduced Congestion and Environmental Pollution
Permitting to cross border in-bond and be inspected on arrival at the inland port facility which is
benefiting to shippers and importers to efficiency and speed of time-critical deliveries. It also reduce
congestion and emissions in border regions.

Private Benefit
Enhancing efficiency of supply chain due to location advantages and access and success to multi
modal transport that includes road rail air further inland port development mainly due to intermediate
transport links border delays and border transaction
Multi-Modal Transportation Access
with involvement of eligible sector offering flexibility in the multiple modes to meet requirements for
specific shipment in terms of speed reliability and competitive priced handling and transport that
facilitate more efficiency and response to varied customers, which empowers customers to compete
more effectively in the global economy
Improved Supply Chain Management

Facilitating activities , cooperation coordination and information sharing among, shippers , transport
companies and stakeholders other auxiliary service provider at a shared physical location, resulting in
improved supply chain management in terms of cost reductions (lower inventory levels and costs,
eliminating some of the transportation links), risk reductions, committed relationship and increased
customer satisfaction that will translate into opportunities for business expansion and additional value-
added services.
TYPES OF PORT
Public Agency Benefit

Optimizing Existing Port Capacity/Border Facilities to became a choice to enter and exist by improving
and expanding innovative facilities
Leverage Private Funds
Increasing access to potential inland and dry port , developers and operators in the form of the public,
public-private-partnerships are highly attracted to appropriately fund for enhancements and
development of infrastructures seem appropriate.
• Difference between ports and terminals:

Ports are strategically located at the edge of the ocean, seas, rivers, or lakes. These locations are then
developed to inculcate effort/ facilities for loading and unloading cargo ships. The facilities provided for a
port depend on the purpose for which the port is being used.
Its strategic geographical location, with inculcated facilities used for loading unloading cargoes and
other related activities. The facilities provided for a port depend on the purpose for which the port is used.
It made of up specialized terminals that specialize in specific or general throughput./Cargoes/
While a terminal is known as the set of facilities in a port where loading and unloading of cargo/container
take place. The terminals are named according to the type of cargo they can handle. Most common types
of terminals are container terminal, bulk cargo terminal, LNG terminal, etc.
A port is a station used for commercial and trade activities such as loading and unloading cargoes and
other activities that generate income. a terminal is like a "checkpoint" on a port where incoming
shipments are thoroughly inspected and documented.
Dry ports are distinguished from conventional inland terminals by the services offered at dry ports, as
well as by their functionality
Major Commercial Actors in Cargoes Distribution
CONTAINER FLOW FROM ORIGIN TO DESTINATION UNDER MULTI MODAL OPERATION
STEP 1 INLAND /SEA LEG STEP 2 INLAND LEG
E
E Export
Cargoes at Exporter’s Premisis/
Full Containers arrive at
Gives container reservation order to
Discharging seaport
carrier
Modal EModal Choice to

Choice loading Trasport dry port
TERMINAL OPERAT ING SYSTEM
to seaport
ER Rail
checking
E Rail E Road
Schedule
Operational Area CY land side
Road Direct Operational area Transport full

MODAL SHIFT Containers to Dry Port
ReCarrierReceives FROM RAIL/ROAD TO SEAPORT

Empty containers Containers arrive at Dry
reservation order Port
Loading Complete Componential

C Reserve
Empty functions of Dry Port
Containers at
nominated carrier by
shipper that gives
FROM SEAPORT TO DRYPORT
reservation order Container delivery to
importer at
Re Carrier
confirms Empty
containers reservation Discharging E Dry port importer
order premisis
Re Carrier
sends Empty containers Unstuffing containers
to shipper/exporter premisis
Receive Empty
Containers from
Containers stuffing at
shipper’s Premisis
Dry port EImporter

Transport full containers to rail Premisis premisis
station or direct to seaport
Transport full containers to Deliver Containers to

seaport per nominated transport carrier at Inland Deport
mode or Discharing seaport
Containers loaded onto

Nominated vessel
E Full Containers transported per

nominated vessel at Discharging
seaport
PICTORIAL FLOW CHART
Theory of change as an integral part and supporting framework for sustainable
development of business solution for Multi Modal
Regulatory Frame Work ,International convention Compliance

Green solution Social
Trade and Economy

Development of
Responsibility
From Internal Efficiency to Societal Benefit

SUCCESS PATH
Strategic Compatibility partnership to achieve praisefull commitment

1
NO Duplication of effort Have visibility and Transparency NO Unnecessary data silos

Port Disruption and Resillence
Port Disruption is stoppage of operation due to mainly unexpected occurrence in various dimention
happend resulting adverse effect and impact on the port's ability to continue operations, consequently re
affect the supply chains and the parties involved
Port Resilience is the capacity and ability to minimize probability of disruption, and to mitigate its impacts.
A resilient port (or infrastructure) take up disruptions, for fast and safe y recovery , and restoring operations
to a level similar or above standard accomodating the changing conditions with continual development and
transformation
Buzz, Key Words Core elementsAbsorptive capacity. The ability of a mode or a terminal to absorb a
disruption while maintaining a level of service.
Absorptive capacity. The ability of a mode or a terminal to absorb a disruption with concurent continual of
the service.
Adaptive capacity. The ability to route /itinerary / of cargo through different nodes and section during a
disruption in order to continually proceed with a level of service.
Restorative capacity. The ability to recover to a level of service same or even above a baseline, prior to the
disruption
Dry port Disruptive Challenges
Lack of Development of infrastructure and network of railways and road systems , in order to handle the
increasing loads with the highest potential and insufficient railway tracks to quickly transport cargoes
coming into them.
Information sharing ; Lack of information integration
Competition with seaport, inland port and terminals

shifting from competition between ports to competition between transport chains that include hinterland
container
Location ; manufacturers , Importer , Exporter being away from transport connectivity
Financial structures and components labor cost dependent on manual procedures lack of involvement of
public sectors
Limitations in transport infrastructure and operation, connectivity to and from dry ports
Low accessibility of freight transportation and Difficulties for short distance container delivery
Imbalanced proportion in modal split

BUILDING CAPACITY TO MANAGE , CHALLANENGES RISKS
DISRUPTION AND ENHANCE RESILIENCE
In the context of maritime supply chain resilience is function of system’s vulnerability and its capacity to
recover to a sufficient level of service within an acceptable time frame after a disruption takes place.
Resilience is innate reliability with inherent capacity of a system to adjust its functioning its operation in
the face of continuous disruption of major mishap that occurred prior or after disruption
The innate reliability of a system and the ability of mitigating negative effects through quick recovery
actions.
Port resilience is the ability to maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of disruptions (e.g.
pandemics, natural disasters and cyber or terrorist attacks) to remain operational in delivering services
depending on size , location and type of operations.
Port Resilience starts with the commitment of its management. Several capabilities need to be
considered by a port to create resilient practices,
It is a capability to manage threats and opportunities with with development of culture of risk of
sharing ,responsibility and Accountability in line with delegated authority
Actors and layers of intervention in port Resilience-building
PORT LEVEL CARRIERS CUSTOMERS & STAKEHOLDERS
Port Authority Shipping Lines Cargo Owners

Regulatory Agencies Rail Carriers Communities
Terminal Operators Trucking Companies Logistics
Third Party Logistic
Manufacturing/Industry
Energy
Fisheries Tourism
Finance/Insurance
PORT DISRRUPTION REQUIRING RESILIENCE
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
SHIPPING NETWROK PORT LEVEL HINTERLAND/ NATURAL HAZARD

Changing Route Inefficient and Ineffective Hinterland /land Anthropogenic Hazards
governance far away from /unforeseen/
Changing Vessel Size Traffic /vessel , truck ,rail/ seaport /
Environmental Impacts
Navigation Channel Infrastructure Management
Lack of Space Access to Finance
Connectivity
Labor/dock strike
Port connectivity Market Change
Port Connectivity Safety & Security
Energy Provision/fuel/ Trade Policy
Cyber Security Geopolitical
Anthropogenic Hazards predominantly induced by human activities and choices i.e chemical explosion
urbanization / unforeseen circumstances
IMPACTS OF PORT DISRRUPTION ON PORT-CENTRIC SUPPLY CHAIN
CONTINUITY
Port
Port disruption adversely affect the cargo throughput on daily resulting economic losses which includes
loss to shippers, loss to the carriers, and loss to the ports in terms of income and reputation.
Domestic manufacturers In marine transportation system

Due to unexpected closure leading lost sales, expediting costs,of warehousing transportation loss of
reputation, affect their cash-flow.
Vessels (tramp, industrial, and liners)

Vessel under liner shipping lines having fixed itinerary reliable voyage schedule , high frequency fast
transit time port disruption in the form of volatility and unreliability on vessels schedules, leading to
economic impacts to shippers due to occurrence of costs in the form of time loss, loss of customer,
additional operating costs, additional port fees and tariffs, and increased fuel consumption. in increased
logistics cost, in the form of extra inventory and transportation costs, additional production costs, and
potential product losses.
Building Port Resilience process to make a Resilient port
Step 3
Step 2 Elaborate Step 4 Step 5
Step 1
Assess Response prioritization implementation
Identify
Vulnerability Mitigation response Response
Hazards Impact Measures Measures Measures
Management Commitment
DISRUPTION Capability RESILLIENCE
Collaboration
Strain Innovation Creativity Business
continuous improvement continuity
Trade flow
sustainability
Resilient port(or infrastructure)

absorb disruptions, recover, and restore operations
to similar level even above a baseline adapting
changing conditions in continual development and transformation
Assigning ownership and Accountability

For port risk management.
The Role of Dry Ports in solving seaport disruptions and its Resilience
landscape :
Seaport Disruption
Connectivity by means of integrating the seaport with its dry port is a strategic step for extending the life
cycle of the seaport which is determined by its capabilities of resilience
integration between maritime and inland transportation systems has become fundamental for effective and
efficiency of supply chain having operational and market linkage between producers/ Manufacturers and
consumers
Hence any destruction any disturbance can result in serious negative impacts on these markets and inland
logistics that includes cargo transportation system between seaport and with collaborative and continuous
integration of logistics activities
Resilience Landscape
Internal Factors
Global Supply chain Shipping Network , Port connectivity , Shipping /vessel calls /volumes Terminal /
Hinterland accessibility
External Factors
Economic Growth ,Trade flow, Investment
TAK E R ECOM M ENDATI ON
M AK E D ESCI SI ON
TAK E ACTI ON
D ECOR UM SER VI CE P R OVI SI ON
1
WE HAVE ALL FOR BETTER TOMORROW
NETHERLANDS BAHIR DAR

W E H AVE ALL FOR B ETTER TOM OR R OW
R esilient bridgemorethanacrossing,B eyondFlockof S heep

I ndispensableI nterfacenodeforI nternational , Continental
N ational and R egional Ensuring Flawless Transportation
withS afest I ntegrity
ChainForS upply Chain 1
WE HAVE ALL FOR BETTER TOMORROW
Resilient bridge more than a crossing ,Beyond Floc

of Sheep
Indispensable Interface node for International
Continental
National and Regional Ensuring Flawless
Liner Agency Services: For
Container & Ro-Ro ships
Protective Agency Services: For

owners related matters
Husbandry Agency Services: For

all ships in port & offshore
Full Agency Services: For all

type of cargo ships

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TIKUR ABAY TRANSPORT COMPANY

PORT is a places where cargo is transferred between ships

TERMINAL is a Place /pathway/ transfer point/ where cargoes

WHAT IS PORT 5 DRY PORT 27-28 Pictorial features of dry port 46

Port is anchor in a new era. Centre of activity where the

MAJOR TYPES OF PORT /NATURAL , ARTIFICIAL

There are five major types of natural or artificial ports

- maritime consensus implies cooperation and integration of countries, maritime agencies as

3.3 Sea port type

3.3.2 port of call: Port of Refuge ;

3 Sea port type

3.4 Types of Cargo Handled in Marine Ports

3.4.1 Shipping Containers

3.4.2 Automotive/RoRo Cargo

Sea port type /Types of Cargo Handled in Marine Ports

3.4.4 Break-bulk Cargo

3.4.5 Refrigerated Cargo

3.7 Required Land Space

Required elevation of port facilities

9 Port Entrance WFP IMMIG. HARBOR

11 CFS Ethiopian Transit

Carrier Haulage Classification and Capacity to load and ship volum es

Coordinating interfacing all the

Custom s clearance / Consolidation /

Society Modal shift Modal shift Lower environmental impact

5.1 Dry port

Designated area for containers in a terminal or dry port for receiving

H customs Inspection and customs clearance of Cargo moving in international

Export under Cargo Arrival at

Import Under Dry port

Dry ports are Enablers of Trade

PIVOTAL PORT IS CRITICIAL AND CRUCIAL FOR EXPORT

Classification of Terminals by cargo type

Liquid cargo terminals.

Classification inland terminal based on the roles in the transport network

Shared Benefits of Inland port , Dry Port and Terminal

Shared Benefits of Inland port , Dry Port and Terminal

Multi-Modal Transportation Access

Improved Supply Chain Management

Public Agency Benefit

Leverage Private Funds

• Difference between ports and terminals:

Modal EModal Choice to

Road Direct Operational area Transport full

ReCarrierReceives FROM RAIL/ROAD TO SEAPORT

Loading Complete Componential

Dry port EImporter

Transport full containers to Deliver Containers to

Containers loaded onto

E Full Containers transported per

Regulatory Frame Work ,International convention Compliance

Trade and Economy

From Internal Efficiency to Societal Benefit

Strategic Compatibility partnership to achieve praisefull commitment

NO Duplication of effort Have visibility and Transparency NO Unnecessary data silos

Information sharing ; Lack of information integration

Competition with seaport, inland port and terminals

Imbalanced proportion in modal split

PORT LEVEL CARRIERS CUSTOMERS & STAKEHOLDERS

Port Authority Shipping Lines Cargo Owners

SHIPPING NETWROK PORT LEVEL HINTERLAND/ NATURAL HAZARD

Cyber Security Geopolitical

Domestic manufacturers In marine transportation system

Vessels (tramp, industrial, and liners)